Neo-Realism vs Neo-Liberalism

Kayla Ferry Political Science 150 Dr. Byron October 5, 2010 1) Neo-realism, also known as structural realism see international politics as a power struggle between states. Conflicts between states and security competition are due to a lack of â€Å"an overarching authority above states and the relative distribution of power in the international system† (Dunne 98). Scholar Kenneth Waltz defined the structure of the international system in three elements: organizing principle, differentiation of units, and distribution of capabilities.To structural realists the distribution of capabilities gives important insight to grasping international outcomes, and the relative distribution of power in the international system is the strategic variable to understanding such outcomes. Structural realists argue that the number of great powers that exists concludes the structure of the international system. Waltz describes the structure as the â€Å"ordering principle of the international syst em, which is anarchy and the distribution capabilities across units, which are states† (Dunne 127).Neo-realists also believe the structure of the international system shapes all foreign policy choices and see power as the collective competences of the states. In other words the more power a state has in the international system the more influence they have on world affairs. However the flaw that accompanies neo-realism, is the increase of the application of â€Å"self-help†, a. k. a. increase of military security. Neo-liberalist agrees largely with the views and beliefs of neo-realists, â€Å"the anarchic international structure, the centrality of states, and a rationalist approach to social scientific inquiry† (Dunne 115).The main difference between the two theories is neo-liberalist believe that anarchy does not mean the arrangements of cooperation are impossible. International regimes are the implementer for cooperation. Arguments made by neo-liberalists belie ve that academic inquiry is guided by a commitment to a scientific approach to theory building. In other words, personal beliefs and views cannot alter hypothesis made towards international politics. A separation of fact and values is the only way to insure an accurate theory. According the neo-liberalist, â€Å"the post-1945 orld order has been successful and durable because US hegemony has been of a liberal character† (Dunne 117). The downside of the hegemonic power is it has produced unequal gains for the West and the rest of the world. It is unresponsive to the needs of weaker states and people, which is seen with how the hegemonic power flexes its authority by the controlling of institutions, markets and resources. In contemporary international system, the application of the neo-liberal theory is apparent throughout foreign policy.Even in President Bush’s speech on the after math of 9/11. 2) Although neo-realism and neo-liberalism theories both agree that the inte rnational system is anarchic, they differ on all other accounts. Neo-realists believe that anarchy puts more constraints on foreign policy. Neo-realists also argue that neo-liberals overlook the importance of relative gains, and the most important goal of states in cooperation with each other is to prevent others from gaining more.With neo-realism, advocates believe that in the international system, anarchy forces states to be more concerned with relative power, security and survival. According to neo-realists, capabilities of states are a necessity for the security and independence of a state, and by not knowing another states intentions or interests forces other states to focus on their capabilities. In regards to institutions and regimes, neo-liberals â€Å"claim that they facilitate cooperation, and neo-realists say that they do not mitigate the constraining effects of anarchy on cooperation† (Dunne 133).The neo-neo debate goes back and forth and many other topics, only b ecause they study different worlds of international politics. Globalization has raised even more concerns for neo-realists, largely because they are more cautious about cooperation and see the world and its politics as very competitive. It is clear, in my opinion that neo-liberalism is by far the better theory. It allows the more powerful states to boost their economy, increase a state’s gains and gives states more influence on foreign policy. 3) Marxism gives a different view of world politics.Marxists believe that the world should be studied as a whole, and that the process of historical change is an effect of the economic development of the society. It is a different view of the world politics since it focuses more on economies of key states. Constructivists believe that the world is socially constructed, allowing them to investigate global change and transformation. This provides constructivists to use diffusion, which concerns how â€Å"particular models, practices, nor ms, strategies, or beliefs spread within a population† (Dunne 168).Institutional isomorphism (an issue that is observed by conservatisms, sees that the organizations that contain similar environments will eventually resemble each other), and internalization of norms (the belief that what is considered normal for a society, does not come out of nowhere but evolves through a political process), raise issues of an increasing homogeneity in world politics, a closer international community and socialization process. These different theories provide a different grasp and insight on world politics, allowing the liberalism theory to be better molded and applied to a larger area of the international system.

Response to Robert Frost’s “Education by poetry” Essay

In his address Education by Poetry given at Amherst College in 1930, Robert Frost introduces the two roles of poetry in education. The first role is that through poetry we cultivate our taste. The second role, which is said to be more crucial, is that poetry teaches us how to discern and understand metaphor in our life. Having read that poetry helps us with our handling metaphor, I naturally reached one simple question. Why is it important to have an ability to identify and comprehend metaphor in our life? In the next paragraph, I would like to give my answer to this very question, simultaneously demonstrating Frosts view point on the importance of the ability. Then, in the third paragraph, from my viewpoint on metaphor, I would like to go further deeper to examining the strengths and weaknesses of one metaphor. To show why it is important to recognize metaphor in our life, the connection between metaphor and thinking on which Frost sheds fresh light in his address is the key. In general, metaphor is a word or phrase used to describe something or somebody else. More specifically, metaphor expresses one thing in terms of another, therefore creating relative values and a certain association between them. According to Frost, this conception of metaphor is the same as that of thinking. To think of one object is to explain that object in terms of another object, and so is to think of a person, an event, and so on. Hence, an amazing thought, which Frost similarly reasons, can be reasoned; metaphor binds everything in this world together. For when you think of something, you are associating it with other thing, which means creating a metaphor, and this applies to all objects, persons, and events that have been recognized in the world. In other words, we construct the world in the form of collection of metaphors. In the world full of metaphor, why can it be petty to handle metaphor well? To correctly understand relative values and kinds of associations among metaphors in the world, to discern metaphor in our life, is vital because, as Frost also implies, accurate understanding and recognition of metaphor mean correct conception of the world around us and, thus, our safety. In this paragraph, I would like to examine one metaphor, especially its strengths and weaknesses, from my viewpoint on metaphor. As explained in the  second paragraph, there are relative values and a certain association between two things involved in metaphor. These values and association are crucial and have to be rational and appropriate in creating a sound metaphor. Yet, there is one decisive factor that changes the rules of metaphor, that is, for whom the metaphor is created. Depending on for whom, metaphors relative values, association, strengths and weaknesses vary drastically. Lets take a look at the metaphor the war on terrorism. Suppose that this is created for America, as in reality, its strengths are, first, that the word terrorism gives right and justice to those who are fighting against it. Second, the word terrorism represents vice in those who have been considered terrorists. Third, the word terrorism can point to any states, to which Americas high places seek its way. On the other hand, its weakness is that because of depersonalizing, though meaning the Middle East countries, the word terrorism can offend any states with which America currently has friendship. All these strengths and weakness do not have to be necessarily right or fair and so may be irrelevant to proper relative values and associations. As Frost cynically says, the devil can quote Scripture.As a conclusion, we live in the world built upon metaphor, the world full of metaphors whether they are good or bad. Hence, to correctly comprehend metaphor is to correctly comprehend the world around us and to ensure our safety. After all, no matter where and how you live, we have to learn metaphors mounted with poetry. Bibliography -Probert Frost Education by poetry

Brazil Essay Research Paper Brazil is the

Brazil Essay, Research Paper Brazil is the largest state in South America. It stretches about 2700 stat mis from the underside of the Andes Mountains eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders on every state of the continent except for Chile and Ecuador. Brazils functionary name is the Federative Republic of Brazil. Brazil occupies about half of South America and is the universe s fifth-largest state in country. Although its country is merely a little less than that of the United States, Brazil s population is merely approximately 60 % that of the United States. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia. It was built in the Highlandss get downing in 1957 to promote development of the inside. The population in Brasilia is estimated to be about 1,576,657. The largest metropolis is Sao Paulo and it is estimated that the population there is near10, 099,086. Brazil s entire population is estimated to be approximately 150,400,000. History Brazil is the lone Latin American state that takes its linguistic communication and civilization from Portugal. The native dwellers largely consisted of the mobile Tup -Guaran Indians. Adm. Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed the district for Portugal in 1500. The early adventurers brought back a wood that produced a ruddy dye, pau-brasil, this is where the land received its name. Portugal began colonisation in 1532 and made the country a royal settlement in 1549. During the Napoleonic Wars, King Jo o VI, fearing the progressing Gallic ground forcess, ran the state in 1808 and set up his tribunal in Rio de Janeiro. Jo O was brought place in 1820 by a revolution, go forthing his boy as trustee. When Portugal wanted to cut down Brazil once more to colonial position, the prince declared Brazil # 8217 ; s independency on Sept. 7, 1822, and became Pedro I, emperor of Brazil. Harassed by his Parliament, Pedro I abdicated in 1831 in favour of his five-year-old boy, who became emperor in 1840 ( Pedro II ) . The boy was a popular sovereign, but discontent built up and, in 1889, following a military rebellion, he had to renounce. Although a democracy was proclaimed, Brazil was ruled by military absolutisms until a rebellion permitted a gradual return to stableness under civilian presidents. In the last of a long series of military putschs, Gen. Jo o Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo became president in 1979 and pledged a return to democracy in 1985. The election of Tancredo Neves on Jan. 15, 1985, the first civilian president since 1964, brought a countrywide moving ridge of optimism, but when Neves died on April 21, Vice President Sarney became president. Sarney was widely distrusted because he had antecedently been a member of the military government # 8217 ; s political party. Collor de Mello won the election of late 1989, plighting to take down the chronic hyperinflation by following the way of free-market economic sciences. When Collor faced impeachment by Congress because of a corruptness dirt in Dec. 1992 and resigned, Vice President Itamar Franco assumed the presidential term. A former finance curate, Fernando Cardoso won the presidential term in the Oct. 1994 election with 54 % of the ballot. Cardoso has engineered the disposal of bad government-owned monopolies in the telecommunication, electrical power, port, excavation, railroad, and banking industries. In his short clip in office Cardoso # 8217 ; s economic acumen has made a mensurable dent in Brazil # 8217 ; s poverty degree. Culture The cultural diverseness that today characterizes the Brazilian population and the graduated tables of values of the different groups have promoted a civilization, which, far from representing a compact unit, consists of a grouping of different traditions and cultural m Langes. Within the society unmetabolised residues of crude civilizations, that still feed racial bias and favoritism, coexist alongside other universe positions, in peculiar the so called # 8220 ; American manner of life # 8221 ; based on the theoretical account of the industrialised West. The consequence of this is a societal thaw pot, which, similar to the North American 1, supports Braz il’s domination in the continent. The history of Brazilian art may be divided into three periods: The clip prior to the reaching of the Europeans ( up to 1500 A.D. ) , the period between the landing of the Portuguese and independency ( 1822 ) and the period that brings us up to today. As respects the prehistoric period ( from 8000 to 1000 B.C. ) , there are three distinguishable groupings of artistic discoveries: carvings and pictures on stone, which have been discovered in legion vicinities, instruments and comparatively rare sculptures in rock, and ceramics which constitute the most conspicuous grouping. At the beginning of the first millenary new groups, likely of Andean beginning and who had mastered agribusiness and the industry of ceramics, gave rise to a last stage in the development of local art that lasted up until the reaching of the Portuguese. The art of the Brazilian Indians continues to be today. However, it can merely be appreciated in portion since the groups that still pattern the traditional manner of life have been driven to remote internal parts of the state and their merchandises may be seen above all in museums and private aggregations. The 17th and 18th centuries are considered the aureate age for architecture, ornament and ornamentation of edifices. The alleged # 8220 ; Colonial Baroque # 8221 ; is particularly noticeable in domestic architecture, testimony to the traditions and manner of life imported from the fatherland. The drive force behind cultural development during this period were the missional orders. Of similar importance in the architectural field were military installings constructed by European designers. A particular topographic point is reserved, in the Brazilian figurative humanistic disciplines, for the retabulos, communion table pieces that constitute a cosmetic component conceived as a mark of the exultant Church of the Counter-reformation. Sculpture and picture are both basically connected to spiritual life. Neo-classicism arrived late in Brazil and characterized the whole of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century Brazilian architecture has developed in connexion with the growing of the metropoliss. The most of import undertaking of this century has been the planning and building of the new capital, Brasilia, commissioned by president Kubztschek and designed by the designers Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer. Of these two the latter has left his grade in a manner which, in a atavist to the traditions of the Baroque, creates constructions that have aesthetic every bit good as functional purposes. Government Executive subdivision: head of province: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO ( since 1 January 1995 ) ; Vice President Marco MACIEL note the president is both the head of province and caput of authorities caput of authorities: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO ; Vice President Marco MACIEL note the president is both the head of province and caput of authorities cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and frailty president elected on the same ticket by popular ballot for four-year footings ; election last held 4 October 1998 election consequences: Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president ; per centum of ballot 53 % Legislative subdivision: bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados Elections: Federal Senate last held 4 October 1998 for tierce of Senate ; Chamber of Deputies last held 4 October 1998 election consequences: Federal Senate per centum of ballot by party NA % ; seats by party PMDB 27, PFL 20, PSDB 16, PT 7, PPB 5 ; Chamber of Deputies per centum of ballot by party NA % ; seats by party PFL 106, PSDB 99, PMDB 82, PPB 60, PT 58 Judicial subdivision: Supreme Federal Tribunal, 11 Judgess are appointed for life by the president and confirmed by the Senate

1111857 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

1111857 - Essay Example The oteoclasts have osteoblasts that are replicating to come up with a bone density and mass, if heavy weights fall on them, or dislocate, they are at a greater risk of getting the fractures. Hansen & Puder (2009) stated that in the elderly, the bones become weak as they advance in age in postmenopausal phase. Then, a process called osteoporosis occurs. Hip fractures are common in females because of depleted estrogen levels which predispose them to fractures. By this it means, the bone mass and density gets depleted and in turn leaves it weak. Bentley (2009) notes that, one will know they have hip fractures when they experience pain that starts in the groin or upper thigh. The pain makes the patient walk or may be unable to walk depending on the severity. For pediatrics, they cry a lot and seek attention. Since they do not talk, it may be difficult to tell what they are suffering from, but can point the areas affected. Leroith, Taylor & olefsky (2004) noted that, in the promotive aspect, both gamma nailing, also known as the sliding hip screw is a prosthetic device that is considered to be the best implant for hip fractures, Babhulkar & Tanna (2013). Ben david (2000) stated that, inguinal hernia â€Å"means there is an opening in the muscle wall that does not close, and leaves a weak area in the belly muscle.† Inguinal surgery help enhance a healthy lifestyle for the individuals. In rehabilitation, the individuals are helped to continue with their activities of daily living if not all, but at least partially and this prevents overdependence. Others get cured from the condition completely unless they provoke the recurrence. An example of this is the inguinal surgery. One presents with a bulge in the groin and complains of round lump feeling, accompanied with acute pain that is on and off. According to Heimlich (1962), he stated that, it is good to note that the surgical team, that is the Operating Department Practitioners (ODP) Hattis (2013).  , should

Problem Prevention Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem Prevention Plan - Coursework Example Therefore, I have decided to include such rules for the classroom that will help me improve the behaviors of the children. Punctuality is the first rule, which I have developed for the children. In creating this rule, I consulted my senior teachers because they have much experience regarding students’ issues. I wanted to create this rule because when the students come late, they cannot pick the lessons efficiently creating problems for themselves. Therefore, in order to make them learn effectively, I have ordered them to come to the classroom within time. Next rule for the students is to learn their lessons within time. I took the students in confidence and educated them the importance of revision before implementing this rule. â€Å"Teachers who involve their children in the rule making process contend that students are more likely to follow them† (Davies, n.d.). When the students do not revise their lessons on the day they are delivered, it puts burden on them when the exams come. Therefore, in order to make students learn and revise their lessons daily and to reduce the course overload in exams, I implemented the rule to learn the lessons within time. Another rule for the students is to work in groups for some specific tasks. I discussed this rule with my senior teachers in order to get their viewpoints. Almost all teachers appreciated my decision. Group work not only promotes harmony among the students but also creates a task-oriented learning environment in the classroom. Therefore, in order to promote interactions among the students, I implemented the rule of group work for the students for some specific tasks. Another rule is to ensure discipline in the classroom. I implemented this rule after consulting my senior teachers and the principal. Weak discipline codes not only create problems for the whole classroom but also affect the behavioral development of the students.

Plagiarism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plagiarism - Research Paper Example search is just but a patched art-work with little added value of originality; a definitive scenario that chops off a part of plagiarism controlled sphere into acceptance. Plagiarism occupies a peculiar ethical space in the field of academia. By definition, it refers to a deliberate appropriation and subsequent presentation of non-original ideas/discoveries as one’s own (â€Å"What is plagiarism,†2013). In fact, the University of Kent like many other institutions went elaborate with their definition to include class copying from colleagues (â€Å"What is plagiarism,† 2013, par 1). In the last several years, cases of plagiarism have grown in leaps and bounds, all courtesy of a ubiquitous digitization, whose adoption seems inevitable. The almost limitless access of information on nearly every conceivable topic online has even raised the suspicion among teachers as to whether their efforts in developing students’ critical thinking abilities really bear fruits. A study by Rutgers University in 2003 confirmed a risen prevalent rate of copy-pasting of materials from the Internet without proper citations that acknowledges the sources from across section of students and even the teaching assistants in the United States (Beasley, 2004). Historically, the primary forum to combating plagiarism has been the educational institutions through their honor code programs. In almost all learning institutions, with few exceptions, plagiarism is an unacceptable offence strictly prohibited with heavy penalties. Such institutions have embraced a number of good academic practices, which includes paraphrasing and ethical copying (Gardner, 1999). Though written in own word, information gleaned from other sources should not only have the authors, but show a thorough understanding through point-explanations in addition to own comments. Such a show of knowledge and understanding goes beyond mere display of another person work through memorization and subsequent repetition. One can also

Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Assessment - Essay Example There were scaliness and various lumps on the scalp of the patient (Bickley & Szilagyi, 2008). I also performed physical assessment on the patient’s eyes and managed to figure out several normal findings. One of the findings is that the patient had normal vision ability on both eyes. The other finding was that there were no irritations or infections on the eyes. Moreover, the movement and the condition of the pupils were normal. The lining of the inner surface of the patient’s eye depicted to be normal. The pupils were round and had black color as recommended on normal eyes. The abnormal findings I managed to figure out include dryness in the eyes. The eyes also depicted to be red, which is an abnormal issue. The other abnormal finding was that there were changes in visual acuity on the patient’s eyes (Bickley & Szilagyi, 2008). My other obligation was to conduct the physical assessment on the patient’s ears. The normal findings I managed to figure out include presence of the three compartments that make up this particular organ. No deformities I managed to find on the patient’s ear. The other normal finding is that the patient could hear and understand speeches that I made. I managed to conduct this particular assessment while making sure that the patient was not looking at the movement of my lips. The abnormal findings I found on the patients ear include presence of a discharge. There were skin lesions on the ear and the patient complained of feeling pain after making movement to the auricles (Bickley & Szilagyi, 2008). The normal findings that were presence on the patient’s neck included lack of lumps. Moreover, there were no swellings available on the patient’s neck. After moving the patient’s neck, I managed to find out that the neck not limited to active range of motion. The lymph nodes on the patient’s neck were movable and discrete. After making a thorough assessment on the neck, I found out that the alignment of the trachea

Life Course Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Life Course Theory - Research Paper Example The life course theory can best be internalized by analyzing life occurrences in respect to stages in lives, turning points and routes which are all engraved in the social school of thought. This ranges from personal traits, the environment around the person, educational differences and the family or community status. Ingredients of Building a Criminal The emergence of a criminal is attributed to two main sources of influence on the life of an individual: transitions and trajectories. A transition comprises of the periodical short lived occurrences or decisive moments that create a particular life change like parenthood, marriage or divorce (Glen, Johnson & Crosnoe, 2003). Trajectories on the other hand refers to a route over the course of life which entails long lasting trends or patterns of occurrences like the history of the family and state of employment. Notably, there is a key role played by transitions in the course of oncoming trajectories (Heather and Farrington, 2001). Adap tation of an individual to a specific transition can result into change of course of the person’s life into a respective trajectory. Childhood experiences can have a great impact on occurrences in the adolescent stage and later into adulthood the same manner adolescence or adulthood events can shape later trajectories. If a child is exposed to too much criminal activities or violence, there is likelihood that the child or the adolescent will modify into one in his or her future life. Besides, exposing an adolescent to rejection in a social group increases the chances of the child developing into a violent adult. This is because the person has a tendency to feel neglected and thus the only way to obtain attention is by resolving to be a violent person. Provided this, transitions or occurrences at various stages of life can have a permanent effect on various consequences during a life course. Eventually this can lead into a one main trajectory or pathway. Environment Most crime s in the inner city emerge as a result of the environment a person lives and the kind of exposures the person is subjected to. As mentioned earlier, this falls under transitions. For example; the type of housing one dwells has a major impact on the life course of the person. This coupled with a desire to live in a decent apartment beyond the capacity of earnings of the person will automatically make the individual to attempt earning beyond his/her means. The individual may resolve to obtain the house or money by any fraudulent means which result into change of a life course. Besides, family structure has a greater role to play in this scenario. The family structure dictates the form of education a person acquires. According to Heather and Farrington (2001), the family is the corner stone of a human community. Children or adolescents who are constantly rejected by their fathers and mothers, those who are brought up in homes with significant level of conflicts and those are not adequa tely monitored are exposed to risk of developing into delinquents. Deborah, et al. (2002) assert that justice or fairness can be executed in a better way when the young individuals are directed on the best paths by involving the family members in Juvenile crime proceedings. It is vital for the society at large to understand the impact of family make up in getting to roots of delinquency. The structure of a family is one of the profound socialization foundations in one’

The Challenges of Managing Generation Y in the workforce Thesis

The Challenges of Managing Generation Y in the workforce - Thesis Example In this regard, business experts are endeavoring nowadays to identify factors that are causing problems in the workplace and are putting efforts to propose solutions and alternatives that may reduce the gap between the two generations, and allow the management to achieve their organizational objectives. Due to such reasons, some of the major problems in this respect of attracting and recruiting Generation Y talent that is fast-paced and technologically efficient. In addition, due to conflicting workplace practices (Tulgan, 2009), a number of organizations are confronting problems in retaining and engaging Generation Y successfully due to lack of communication between the two generations. In the result, recruitment, engagement, and retaining of Generation Y have now become some of the major issues of the current decade that are revolving around the factors, such as generational boundaries, technology, cultural shifts, etc.

Bioinformatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bioinformatics - Essay Example To function correctly, each cell depends on thousands of proteins to function in the right places at the right times. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, a medical condition can result. A condition caused by mutations in one or more genes is called a genetic disorder. Some mutations alter a gene's DNA base sequence but do not change the function of the protein made by the gene. Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation does change a protein, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial (Sawyer , et al 2007).If a mutation is present in a germ cell, it can give rise to offspring that carries the mutation in all of its cells. This is the case in hereditary diseases. On the other hand, a mutation can occur in a somatic cell of an organism. Such mutations will be present in all descendants of this cell, and certain mutations can cause the cell to become malignant, and thus cause cancer (Ionov , et al 1993). Although many mutations are deleterious, mutations may have a positive effect given certain selective pressures in a population. For example, a specific 32 base pair deletion in human CCR5 (CCR5-32) confers HIV resistance to homozygotes and delays AIDS onset in heterozygotes(Sawyer , et al 2007). The CCR5 mutation is more common in those of European descent. One theory for the etiology of the relatively high frequency of CCR5-32 in the European population is that it conferred resistance to the bubonic plague in mid-14th century Europe. People who had this mutation were able to survive infection; thus, its frequency in the population increased(Ionov , et al 1993). It could also explain why this mutation is not found in Africa where the bubonic plague never reached. Newer theory says the selective pressure on the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation has been caused by smallpox instead of the bubonic plague(Galvani and Slatkin, 2003). - Render the alignment into a box-shaded diagram. Identify the position of the mutation on the multiple sequence alignment. Can you deduce anything from these data Check that your sequences are appropriately gapped . 3'-AA/860 bp insert : 5'-TTTCATGA----- //----- TCATGAAA-3' 3'-AAAGTACT----- //----- AGTACTTT-5' 3'-TT/860 bp insert : 5'-AATCATGA----- //----- TCATGATT-3' 3'-TTAGTACT----- //----- AGTACTAA-5' 3'-CC/860 bp insert : 5'-GGTCATGA----- //----- TCATGACC-3' 3'-CCAGTACT----- //----- AGTACTGG-5' 3'-GG/860 bp insert : 5'-CCTCATGA----- //----- TCATGAGG-3' 3'-GGAGTACT----- //----- AGTACTCC-5' Note that for each respective PCR product, the last eight bases at each 3'-end of the DNA are identical. Also note that only the first two and the last two base pair positions vary between the four PCR products. The PCR products were designed in this way to directly measure the effect of 3'-base composition on blunt vector and T-vector efficiency (Novy, Yaeger, and Kolb, 2008). From the human protein sequence, present any Prosite motif and conserved sequence domains in a sequence diagram. Identify the position of the mutation on the diagram. Can you deduce anything from these data Representative Sequence Length Mass (Da) A2QKA5 Checksum: FF7C4CB42EEB5629 385 41,846 10 20

Abnormal Psychology Background and Perspective Essay Example for Free

Abnormal Psychology Background and Perspective Essay A lot of the human behavior and mental process could be explained by psychology. This course allowed me to view abnormal psychology in a bit of a different light. I was able to apply the information learned while relating it psychopathology. Taking this course has further improved my understanding of mental disorders/illnesses. I have also learned different treatment and many perspectives relating to abnormal psychology. This class has allowed me to think critically about mental disorders in addition to learning about scientific inquiry. Abnormal psychology is the behavior or thought that cause social, cognitive, and emotional problems for an individual. Abnormal thought or behaviors that disrupt an individual’s functioning are due to a psychological disorder. It is important to be able to understand characteristics of abnormal behavior in order to distinguish a person with a psychological disorder. These characteristics deviate from what society deems to be normal. Some classifications of abnormal behaviors are social deviance, personal distress, unusualness, danger to one’s self or to others and maladaptive behavior. All these traits need attention and diagnosis. A person with abnormal behavior can have a lifestyle full of discomfort, conflict and unhappiness. This does not only have an effect on the individual but can also affect others. A behavior that is normal in one region could be abnormal in another. Different cultures may consider a behavior in another culture abnormal and vice versa. Each culture also has a different treatment and approach towards mental disorders. There are different types of normality levels for an individual’s behavior. In this class the focus was on the approach that the western culture has towards mental disorders. Abnormal psychology could be explained by a number of different perspectives such as biological, psychological or sociocultural. An approach towards mental disorder is diathesis-stress paradigm. This â€Å"paradigm is an integrative paradigm that links genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors† (p.62). For example a person that genetically prone; stress from the environment could trigger a mental disorder. If there isn’t any environmental stress, than the mental disorder may never be triggered. This paradigm does a good job in explaining how these factors can contribute to mental disorders. Most psychologists believe that cognitive behavior therapy is the most effective and efficient treatment for mental disorders. â€Å"Cognitive behavior therapy incorporates theory and research on cognitive processes such as thoughts, perceptions, judgments, self statements, and tacit assumptions† (p.51). This therapy treats the disorder by applying behavioral principles of learning. This gives the individual to reconstruct his/her thoughts in a positive manner. Usually a disorder leaves a pers on hopeless, but this treatment helps the individual to have control over their thoughts or feelings. Not only did I learn how to think critically, I also learned about different types of research method. Mental disorders is disturbs a person’s thoughts and which could lead to an emotional experience. Life can be difficult for a person with a mental disorder. They often have difficulty maintaining a relationship or keeping a job. The absence of treatment could make life unbearable for a person suffering a mental disorder. This class has helped me understand the different types of mental disorder and how to diagnose and treat them.

Jail and Prison Comparison Paper Essay Example for Free

Jail and Prison Comparison Paper Essay Jail is usually the first place a person is taken after being arrested by police officers. The authority of states to build, operate, and fill jails can be found in the Tenth Amendment, which has been construed to grant to states the power to pass their own laws to preserve the safety, health, and welfare of their communities. Jail is to protect the public and citizens of county by providing a wide range of constructive, professional correctional services for pre-trial and convicted detainees. Jail is also ensure the safety and welfare of staff, visitors, and offenders by operating facilities and programs in a secure, humane environment which meets professional and standards and constitutional requirements. It reduces the rate to reincarceration by providing offenders with the opportunity for self improvement and the inner resources necessary to make a successful adjustment within the community. An act of 1790 brought about sweeping reforms in the prison and authorized a penitentiary house with 16 cells to be built in the yard of the jail to carry out solitary confinement with labor for hardened atrocious offenders. Jails are run by the county of a state and serve as locally-operated holding places, usually for brief periods of incarceration or as a detention place before and during trial and other legal matters. For example, someone convicted of a misdemeanor crime would be jail. In addition, the sentence must be less than a year. Jails are especially for someone being he ld in custody for trail, or they couldn’t afford bail, or they were just arrested will be held in the county jail, not prison. As such, jails are impermanent county residences, and lack many of the amenities and programs that the large prisons have. Jails are usually run by the sheriff or the local government. According to the Department of Justice, there are approximately 3,600 jails in the United States. On the hand, prisons are federal or state-run. Prisons are generally much bigger and much more high-security levels. Inmates convicted of federal felonies usually go to federal prison, and those convicted of state felonies go to state prison. Prisons often have very elaborate education and vocational training programs, halfway house service, work-release programs, and recreational and entertainment facilities. The original history of the federal prison system started back in the 1890s but it was not until 1930 that president Hoover signed a bill establishing a federal prison system that would actually start the building of actual federal facilities. The federal system had been relying on the state and local levels of government to house their prisoners. The Federal Bureau of Prisons was established within the Department of Justice and charged with the management and regulation of all Federal penal and correctional institutions. This responsibility covered the administration of the 11 Federal prisons in operation at the time. As time has passed and laws have changed, the Bureaus responsibilities have grown, as has the prison population. At the end of 1930, the agency operated 14 facilities for just over 13,000 inmates. By 1940, the Bureau had grown to 24 facilities with 24,360 inmates. Except for a few fluctuations, the number of inmates did not change significantly between 1940 and 1980, when the population was 24,252, according to Federal Bureau of Prison. However, the number of facilities almost doubled from 24 to 44 as the Bureau gradually moved from operating large facilities confining inmates of many security levels to operating smaller facilities that each confined inmates with similar security needs. The federal prison incarcerated for longer time and associated with White Collar criminals. Some of the crimes that fall under federal crimes are drug dealer, political person, false insurance, bank robbery, and many more. On the other hand, the state prison system has been in existence since the early 1800s with the building of Sing Sing state prison. Sing Sing state prison is one of the oldest state penitentiaries in existence today and is still in use. The state prisons also refer to blue collar criminals. The state prison system is devised of a network of small prisons that hold most of the United States prison populations. Since the beginning of penitentiaries in each state growth has been a rising issue. Many states have to provide millions of dollars to their prison systems. Those who commit state or break the state roles, they will automatically be sent to state prison and wait for federal if there is any. Some crimes that can be incarcerated within a state prison such as habitual offender, sex offender, drug user , and other violent crime offender. In the State Prison, there are five security level have been established for correctional facilities and inmates are low security, medium security, high security, and maximum security. Inmates have been conditionally released into the community but remain under the supervision of the Department of Corrections. Low security includes Work Farms, Boot Camps, Forestry Camps, etc. Basically these are either first time low-risk offenders or inmates who have worked themselves up in the system and are possibly on their way out of prison. Being considered low risk, affords the inmate to better living conditions and a few more freedoms. They have earned the trust of the institution. This is why we believe it’s imperative to tell your family member to steer clear of any trouble during their incarceration. Minimum security categorize for inmates coming up in their time or those inmates that have committed a less severe crime. This level of inmate can be trusted and is usually designated as a form of trustee or in a trusted work detail. Medium security, 3 inmates are typical of any placement for someone headed to prison. You must earn the trust from the staff at all levels to work your way up. This level of inmate has some rights and freedoms, but not many. Finally, maximum security is typically in lockdown most of their time and are usually the more violent or feared members of the population. To be housed at this level the inmate must have performed an extremely violent crime. There are basically no freedoms unless the Max inmate is housed with other max inmates, and they are only allowed out for one hour per day. This is not always the case with every prison, jail or detention facility. Some offer multiple programs and allow limited movement, classes, details and freedom for all inmates. According to the Department of Justice, there are minimum security, low security, medium security, and high security in the Federal Prison system. Minimum security institution is also known as Federal Prison Camps have dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing. These institutions are work- and program-oriented; and many are located adjacent to larger institutions or on military bases, where inmates help serve the labor needs of the larger institution or base. Low ecurity Federal Correctional Institutions have double-fenced perimeters, mostly dormitory or cubicle housing, and strong work and program components. The staff-to-inmate ratio in these institutions is higher than in minimum security facilities. Medium security have strengthened perimeters (often double fences with electronic detection systems), mostly cell-type housing, a wide variety of work and treatment programs, an even higher staff-to-inmate ratio than low security FC Is, and even greater internal controls. Finally, High security institutions know as United States Penitentiaries have highly secured perimeters (featuring walls or reinforced fences), multiple- and single-occupant cell housing, the highest staff-to-inmate ratio, and close control of inmate movement. Some of the factors influencing the growth in jail are drug offenders sex offenders, violent offenders, increase in time served women offenders. The corrections system does four fundamental things. The first three, basic life care for offenders, risk identification and risk management, cover the bases of managing offenders. However, only risk reduction â€Å"hits a home run† to significantly affect offender outcomes and community safety. According to the National Institute of Corrections, appropriate treatment reduces recidivism by 30%. In recent years community-based corrections has been trained in and begun implementing evidence-based practices. In recent years community-based corrections has been trained in and begun implementing evidence-based practices.

What is penal welfarism? Garlands theory.

What is penal welfarism? Garlands theory. What is penal welfarism? Evaluate the impact it has had on juvenile justice reform in the UK from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present. In order to evaluate the impact of penal welfarism upon juvenile justice reform, the concept will be defined with reference to Garland (2001). The contributing societal factors to the emergence of penal welfarism in juvenile justice reform will then be assessed. The practical and legal achievements of penal welfarism in the juvenile justice system will be identified. Challenges to penal welfarism will be outlined, with particular reference to alternate conceptions of youth justice and criminality. The demise of the penal welfarism approach will be assessed, with specific reference to the motivating societal factors and comparison between the Welsh, English and Scottish juvenile justice systems. Penal welfarism as defined by Garland (2001) as a structural response to crime that is composed of two ideological standpoints. Due process and proportionate punishment, with their inherent liberal ideologies, ensure that all the rights of the juvenile offender are respected. The punishment is fitting to the crime and the circumstances of the juvenile offender. Rehabilitation and offender welfare are approached from a correctionalist viewpoint. This entails that the punishment served by the offender maintains a focus upon the rehabilitation of the offender, as does the approach of professionals who work with the offender during the punishment period. In short, penal welfarism suggests that rehabilitation will be most effective if the offender is provided with positive motivation while in the care of the penal reform system. The logic behind the practice is that if the offender is provided with the opportunity to progress in the penal institution, they will wish to continue to do so w hen released back into society. The notion of penal welfarism is derived from applying the practicalities of the welfarism ideology to the penal system. The welfarism concept asserts that policy requires evaluation in terms of its consequences (Kaplow Shavell, 2002). This assessment is most frequently made using a utilitarian approach, i.e. the usefulness of the approach in question. The logical application of this concept to the penal system dictates that policy regarding offender treatment should be assessed in terms of offender rehabilitation, i.e. the offender will not repeatedly offend upon release and as a result society will be safer. The focus is upon the usefulness of the punishment, i.e. its resulting benefit to society and improvement of personal conditions. Therefore penal welfarism maintains a focus on respecting the rights of the individual and maintaining a rehabilitative approach as this is deemed to be the most beneficial approach for both the offender and for society. The formation and application of penal welfarism to juvenile justice reform is interrelated with the emergence of a welfare state at the turn of the 20th century (Garland, 2002). The welfare state was implemented by the Liberal government in order to meet demands to negate social insecurity while protecting free trade and a capitalist economy (Daunton, 2007). The emergence of free trade had resulted in increased unemployment and harsher social conditions for those at the lower end of the pay spectrum. However, free trade and capitalism were deemed as models that required protection. Therefore pensions, health services and other such welfare services were centralized and nationalized to ensure that these individuals would be protected in the capitalist state. Garland (2002) identifies these welfare systems as being rooted in ideologies of protection and integration, so that even the most disadvantaged members of society are protected by the welfare state. Out of this ideology was born penal welfarism for juvenile justice. As these social and economical reforms based taxation upon the basis of the individual workers rather than according to the class system (Leonard, 2003), each member of society was treated upon the basis of individual circumstance, in theory dispelling the class system. Therefore, within the penal system for juvenile justice, individualism arose where the rights and rehabilitation of each offender was considered. The main legal and practical development in respect to penal welfarism was the separation of individuals under the age of 21 from adults in the justice system. In light of the requirement to individualize and respect the rights of each juvenile offender, juvenile courts were officially established by the Children Act 1908 (Goldson Muncie, 2008). In addition to this, corrective Borstals were created for juveniles under the age of 21. Individuals could be sentenced to a period in such an institution for between one and three years. It was considered that these institutions were to focus on rehabilitation of the juvenile, and the training of the juvenile to be re-integrated with society upon their release (Muncie, 2006). The role of the juvenile justice system was further defined by the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (Ikin, 1933). This Act entailed the reorganization of reform schools so that they provided education to offenders; and training so that they may find employment upon completion of their sentence. Furthermore capital punishment for any offender below the age of 18 was abolished by the Act. Issues of anonymity were also covered (Ikin, 1933). The media were and are able to report the name of an adult offender if it was deemed to serve public interests. However, the identity of juvenile offenders was protected by the law. The penal welfarism approach to juvenile justice was criticized on both economical and ideological grounds. Economically, this system, and the welfare system in general, was criticized as being born out of fear of free trade and the emergence of corporations as the dominant financial players in society (Platt, 2002). Increased spending on the welfare system and individualist taxation were contributing factors to this. Ideologically, the concept has been challenged with reference to the societal conception of crime reformation and with reference to the individual in the system. In terms of the latter, it is the goal of reformation that is problematic. For example, Hudson (2002) outlines institutional sexism that was apparent in the penal welfarism definitions of rehabilitation. Discrepancies in the social moral code that must be adhered to by males and females highlighted unfairness in the treatment of females in this system. While rehabilitation of the male juvenile offender focused on the criminal act, female rehabilitation focused much more strongly on personal and sexual behaviour within society. In terms of societal conceptions of crime, it has been argued that viewing the juvenile as on a linear path through deviance (diversion) may be more effective in terms of negating re-offending (Austin Krisberg, 2002). Furthermore, re-defining what is considered a criminal act, for example, the redefinition of drug use as a social as opposed to a criminal problem; may result in a more effective approach to the problem in comparison to penal welfarism (Austin Krisberg, 2002). After a period of a Labour government working to enhance the ideology of care for the juvenile offender in the 1960s; the penal welfarism approach began to decline when the Conservatives came to power in the 1970 General Election (Smith, 2007). It was considered that the judicial and welfare aspects had become disjointed, and the focus began to grow upon the judicial proceedings of the system. This is evident by the significant increase in the number of juveniles receiving custodial sentences in the 1970s (Rutter Giller, 1983). The ideology increasingly narrowed onto punishment and control (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002) throughout the 1980s, especially in England and Wales. The issue of juvenile crime was focused onto the victims, with the criminals perpetrated as depraved (Jones, 1994). Echoes of this can be seen in present day society where hooded teenagers are feared by adult society (for an example of this see MacLean, 2008). Importantly, the Criminal Justice Act 1991 brought in a s eparation of systems, one to deal with juveniles requiring judicial attention, and one for those in need of welfare provision (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002). While England and Wales fully segregated these two systems, Scottish practices of juvenile justice policies maintained a higher level of communication between the two approaches. However, societal moral panics regarding serious youth crime and repeat offending has created a concern that juvenile offenders are not aware of the impact of their actions (Jones, 1994). This could possibly be related to the breakdown of community. These concerns have paved the way for a juvenile justice ideology that is based upon restorative justice as set out by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 (Geisthorpe Morris, 2002). Penal welfarism refers to a system that presents positive motivations for juvenile offenders to develop while in the penal system. The concept arose with the birth of the welfare state. Penal welfarism resulted in the segregation of juveniles from adults in the judicial process, the eradication of capital punishment for juveniles and anonymity of juvenile offenders from the media. As a concept, it was challenged for the welfare state’s impact upon free trade. It was also challenged by its characterisation of the juvenile offender; diversion and decriminalisation were offered as alternate ideologies. The concept demised with the segregation of welfare and judicial proceedings for adolescents. Societal factors for this include a fear of the juvenile offender. This has led to a focus on restorative justice which is implemented in juvenile reform today. References Austin, J., Krisberg, B. (2002). Wider, stronger and different nets: the dialects of criminal justice reform. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Daunton, M. (2007). Wealth and Welfare: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1851-1951). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Garland, D. (2001). The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Garland, D. (2002). Penal strategies in a welfare state. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Geisthorpe, L., Morris, A. (2002). Restorative Youth Justice: the last vestiges of welfare? In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Goldson, B., Muncie, J. (2008). Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Hudson, A. (2002). ‘Troublesome girls’: Towards alternative definitions and policies. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Ikin, A.E. (1933). Children and Young Persons Act, 1933: Being the Text of the Statute together with Explanatory Notes. London: Sir I. Pitman and Sons. Jones, M. (1994). Images and reality: Juvenile crime, youth violence and public policy. London: National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Kaplow, L., Shavell, S. (2002). Fairness versus Welfare.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Leonard, M. (2003). Promoting Welfare? Government Information Policy and Social Citizenship. Bristol: Policy Press. MacLean, D. (2008). New hoodies are a yob’s dream. The Shields Gazette, 9th August. Muncie, J. (2006). From Borstal to YOI. In Y. Jewkes H. Johnston (Eds.) Prison Readings. Devon: Willan Publishing. Platt, A. (2002). The triumph of benevolence: the origins of the juvenile system in the United States. In J. Muncie, G., Hughes E. McLaughlin (Eds.), Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London: Sage Publications Ltd. Rutter, M., Giller, H. (1983). Juvenile Delinquency: Trends and Perspectives. New York: Guilford Publications. Smith, R. (2007). Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy, Practice. Devon: Willan Publishing.

Beowulf is an Anglo Saxon Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

There has only been one hero in Anglo-Saxon history, only one man can meet every requirement one needs to be classified as hero. Only one man's honor, loyalty, courage, generosity, and wisdom, fits the true definition of a hero. That man is Beowulf. With these leading traits, Beowulf's rise to heroism was not just by chance. He filled each of the five characteristics perfectly, as if it was his destiny to be admired. To gain the respect and glory that a person of power needs, one must earn it. There is only one way to achieve respect in the times of the Anglo-Saxons. Only Beowulf was the most honored man throughout all Anglo-Saxon history. He performed three straightforward tasks to reach his level of admiration. In the time of The Anglo-Saxon?s, men lived by the Comitatus Code. One avenged the death of their king. Men lived a lifestyle of boasting and violence. Beowulf?s first major feat was undoubtedly through violence. An evil bloodthirsty creature named Grendel haunted the mead hall of Heorot. Upon hearing of this ghastly monster, Beowulf found it too ?hard to ignore? (Lines 409-410). Many claimed it was an impossible feat to go toe to toe with Grendel (Line 473). ?No one has ever outlasted an entire night with Grendel? (Lines 527-528). Hrothgar said that he would hate to burden anyone with such a great task. For many have tried, yet none have succeeded in killing Grendel. Ho wever, Beowulf took on Grendel and ripped his arm off as a sign of his sheer strength. Upon accomplishing this act, Beowulf did what was a customary action for this time. He bragged, boasted, and did not downplay the praise he received. He had just ripped the arm off the monster that had been previously tormenting Heorot?s mead ... ... decision throughout all Anglo-Saxon history. Life doesn?t cost Beowulf a thought (Line 1535). Beowulf gave his breath so that life still can go on. He made the choice that was best for his people, but in turn fatal for him. Beowulf, the honorable, loyal, and courageous king of great generosity and wisdom has fallen. The perfectness on every level was amazing. The five traits that Beowulf needed to qualify for to even be considered a hero, he exceeded them. Beowulf was the man whose honor lives on. Beowulf was the man whole loyalty and courageousness never faltered. Beowulf was the man whose generosity touched the heart of others. Beowulf was the man with the greatest wisdom throughout all history. ?Beowulf worked for the people, but as well at that he behaved like a hero?(Lines 3006-3007). Beowulf knew he was destined to be our king, leader, our beast.

Abolition Essay -- essays papers

Abolition A Stronger Resistance The abolitionist movement in the United States sought to eradicate slavery using a wide range of tactics and organizations. The antislavery movement mobilized many African Americans and some whites who sought to end the institution of slavery. Although both black and white abolitionists often worked together, the relationship between them was intricate. The struggle for black abolitionists was much more personal because they wanted to end slavery and also wanted to gain equal rights for blacks. However, many white abolitionists only sought to end slavery and did not fight for equality for blacks. From these exceedingly contrasting perspectives and the continuation of slavery, the sentiment of many abolitionists became more militant and radical; some abolitionists began to use more violent methods of resistance to abolish slavery. Before the 1830s most antislavery activists stressed gradual emancipation. These feelings were expressed mainly by Southern whites, some possessing a fear of free blacks not being ready for freedom and others holding beliefs that slavery would gradually disappear (Notes, 10/18/00). Generally, only black abolitionists demanded an immediate end to slavery. This difference in opinion contributed to some blacks taking more violent measures to gain freedom and equality. Further contributing to the more aggressive tactics were the goals of the white abolitionists. Many white abolitionists were not able to accept blacks...

Men Will Rise From The Dark Depth Of Prejudice To The Majestic Heights :: essays research papers

Men Will Rise From The Dark Depth Of Prejudice To The Majestic Heights Of Brotherhood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men will rise from the dark depths of prejudice... What is prejudice? The Websters dictionary defines it as â€Å"a biased opinion based on emotion rather than reason.† This is most certainly the case. Through out history groups of people of the same race, religion, color, etc. have had unspeakable acts committed against them by others who think with their â€Å"...emotions[s] rather than reason.† Because one is a different color they think that that person is odd, or inferior. Or they see some one of a different religion as a person who is rejected by God. These are both examples of prejudice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people have seen the effects of prejudice and sought to put an end to it. one such person was Dr. Martian Luther King. By the time Dr. King became involved in civil rights he was already an ordained minister. He had married and he and his wife had four children. His civil rights activities began with the protest of an incident that occurred on a public bus. Rosa parks had broken the law by not getting out of her seat to allow a white person to sit in her seat or row. An organization was formed to boycott the buses and Dr. Martian Luther king was asked to be president of it. In his first, and in my opinion, most powerful speeches Dr. Martian Luther King stated â€Å"First and foremost we are American citizens...We are not here advocating violence...the only weapon that we have...is that of protest...The great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right.† Dr. King and the organization succeeded. The Supreme Court ordered the city to have equal, integrated seating. This was only the first in many battles lead by Dr. Martian Luther King.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Martian Luther King had a dream. A dream to unite all mankind as one. A dream to see an end to prejudice. A dream to reach the promise land. Although many of his goals as far as discrimination have been met, Dr. Martian Luther King never got to see this. He was shot and killed on April 4, 1968. In 1983 congress passed a national holiday in his honor. It celebrated on the third Monday in January. Dr. Martian Luther King Became the second person to have a national Holiday, the first being George Washington, the countries first President. One of his Ideals that has not yet been achieved nor properly addressed is that of brotherhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Majestic heights of brotherhood. Anyone who has ever experienced Men Will Rise From The Dark Depth Of Prejudice To The Majestic Heights :: essays research papers Men Will Rise From The Dark Depth Of Prejudice To The Majestic Heights Of Brotherhood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men will rise from the dark depths of prejudice... What is prejudice? The Websters dictionary defines it as â€Å"a biased opinion based on emotion rather than reason.† This is most certainly the case. Through out history groups of people of the same race, religion, color, etc. have had unspeakable acts committed against them by others who think with their â€Å"...emotions[s] rather than reason.† Because one is a different color they think that that person is odd, or inferior. Or they see some one of a different religion as a person who is rejected by God. These are both examples of prejudice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people have seen the effects of prejudice and sought to put an end to it. one such person was Dr. Martian Luther King. By the time Dr. King became involved in civil rights he was already an ordained minister. He had married and he and his wife had four children. His civil rights activities began with the protest of an incident that occurred on a public bus. Rosa parks had broken the law by not getting out of her seat to allow a white person to sit in her seat or row. An organization was formed to boycott the buses and Dr. Martian Luther king was asked to be president of it. In his first, and in my opinion, most powerful speeches Dr. Martian Luther King stated â€Å"First and foremost we are American citizens...We are not here advocating violence...the only weapon that we have...is that of protest...The great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right.† Dr. King and the organization succeeded. The Supreme Court ordered the city to have equal, integrated seating. This was only the first in many battles lead by Dr. Martian Luther King.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Martian Luther King had a dream. A dream to unite all mankind as one. A dream to see an end to prejudice. A dream to reach the promise land. Although many of his goals as far as discrimination have been met, Dr. Martian Luther King never got to see this. He was shot and killed on April 4, 1968. In 1983 congress passed a national holiday in his honor. It celebrated on the third Monday in January. Dr. Martian Luther King Became the second person to have a national Holiday, the first being George Washington, the countries first President. One of his Ideals that has not yet been achieved nor properly addressed is that of brotherhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Majestic heights of brotherhood. Anyone who has ever experienced

Newell Convers Wyeth Essay

Newell Convers Wyeth was one of the famous men in America during his time. This is because he was considered as one of the greatest American illustrators. He was the first to set the pace amongst the three generations of Wyeth artists. However, he was not only an illustrator but a painter as well. The work he did has become historical and is celebrated in many galleries, museums and publications as well as in other artist venues across the globe (Howell, par 1). Throughout his life, he was doing very well as an illustrator thus becoming very famous. N. C died in Chadds Ford in 1945 through an accident (Brandy Wine Conservancy 3). Wyeth gained national recognition as a result of his Scribner’s Classic Children’s Books like The Yearling, Robinson Crusoe, The Last of the Mohicans, Kidnapped, and Treasure Island among others. Wyeth believed that the deepest happiness a person can experience comes from living a simple life, and also treasuring the beauty and bounty of land and sea. Quite a number of Wyeth’s paintings were based on his feelings and own experiences. This was usually as a result of the memories of his parent’s farm where he grew up (Highlights for Children, par 1-8). N. C Wyeth started drawing when he was a child. He was being encouraged by the mother who helped him nature his gift. He began working for a magazine called the Saturday Evening Post when he was only 20years. Soon after this, his fame began to spread and his work published in other leading magazines like Harper’s weekly, Century, and Scribner’s among others (Nila McCann Spring). Despite the fact that Wyeth was an illustrator, he yearned to be known as a painter as well. The difference between the two was that illustration carried a pejorative connotation that Wyeth felt keenly all his life. In addition, regardless of the fact that commissioned work earned him income to support his family, he tried to run away from the confines of textual limitations, taking up personal paintings like landscapes, still lives and portraits. He moved from lyrical landscapes, which had an impressive style, to powerful portraits of fishermen that evoke the work of the American Regionalist artists. Nonetheless, he never attained personal satisfaction or the recognition that he wanted (Brandy Wine Conservancy 2). Wyeth was able to make three trips, between 1904 and 1906, to West America. This was after Wyeth recognized the value of Pyle’s instructions in his career. Pyle was one of the most renowned illustrators from Howard Pyle School of Art where Wyeth had joined then. During the period of the trip, he spent much of his time taking up the experience that enabled him to paint images. The painted images would allow him to come up very well and be among the top greatest illustrators during his error. Wyeth had managed to herald in Outing Magazines by 1907. He was one of the greatest painters of American outdoor life (Brandywines Conservancy 1). Early Life Nowell Convers was born on 22nd October, 1882 in a place called Needham, Massachusetts. His mother was the daughter of Swiss immigrants while his father was a descendant of the first Wyeth to arrive in the New World in the mid-17th century. His growing up in a farm made him develop a deep love for nature. He began his artistic inclinations at a very young age and the mother encouraged it. However, his father opposed this since he wanted him to use his talent more practically. He attended Mechanic Arts High School in Boston up to May 1899, where he concentrated on drafting. Through the support of his mother, he was able to transfer to Massachusetts Normal Art School and through the help and guidance of his instructor Richard Andrew; he took the line of illustration (Brandywine Conservancy 1). Wyeth married Carolyn Bockus in 1906. They met after he completed his learning under Pyle. They gave birth to five children whose names are Nat, Carolyn, Ann and Andrew. Some of these children resembled his father in his work of illustration and painting. They picked up talents for one art form or another, ranging from composing music to teaching art lessons and also to inventing (Howell, par. 3-4). N. C Wyeth trained his son Andrew through home schooling in 1932. This was after he realized that his health was failing. There were several challenges that came with school administration and also the expense of teaching his son from home. However, Wyeth managed to complete his son’s education as his teacher. After that, Andrew Wyeth continued to work under his father’s artistic guidance in their home in Maine which was named after the famous Winslow Home painting (Howell, par. 6). N. C Wyeth’s Work Wyeth is the perhaps the best and is remembered for his illustrations of other children classics done for Scribner’s. He gained national recognition with his illustrations for the book Treasured Island by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1911. He composed American stories and themes from carpetbaggers to Indians. He used color and romantic imagery brilliantly and this combined with his close attention to historical detail, enables his artwork gain a lasting place in the lexicon of American illustration. The love he had for America in-terms of its individuality and landscapes is evident in his works; that is, from the Old West to the Brandywine Hill. This was a country of Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. It is said that his boldness and sometimes massive artwork expressed his ‘largeness of spirit’. He is also said to have painted murals on a heroic scale by one of the biographers (New World Encyclopedia, par 2-4). He managed to complete over three thousand works during his career. Being an illustrator, some of his famous works included publications like Kidnapped, Tom Sawyer, Treasure Island and Robin Hood. Between 1925 and 1935, he completed some of his most exhilarating pieces of work, among which were several experimental pieces that were seen as heroic compared to his commissioned work (Howell, par 2). The success of Treasured Island insured Wyeth along his career. Scribner’s illustrated many classic stories in his succeeding years. The most famous titles are; â€Å"kidnapped (1913), The Black Arrow (1916), The Boy’s King Arthur (1917), The Mysterious Island (1918), The Last of the Mohicans (1919), The Deer slayer (1925) and The Yearling (1939). † In addition, he created illustrations for other publishers. Examples of such books are Robin Hood by David McKay(1917), Robinson Crusoe by Cosmopolitan (1920), Rip VanWinkle by David McKay (1921), Men of Concord by Houghton-Mifflin (1936) and Trending Into Maine by Little Brown (1938) (Howell, par. 2). Books like Treasured Island and Robinson Crusoe by N. C Wyeth are the most historical and famous. They also have a maritime adventure and an Island as a center element of their schemes. In addition, the historical language used in every one of them is similar as well as one of the same nautical terminology like stern, bow and aft among others. This is utilized because of the aforementioned similarities (Enotes, par1-3). Checking closely, the characters in these two books are alike only in the most basic ways. In Robinson Crusoe, for example, Crusoe is a male just as are Long John Silver and Hawkins. In addition, both central character are seamen and in the case of Hawkins, they were trying to become such. On the desolate island, young Jim Hawkins is trying to survive as a lone boy in the world of men just as Crusoe tries. On the other hand, both books are written by male authors and that the masculinity tone is seen in both books. In this case, as one reads these books, each story helps them to gain a perspective into the oceangoing world of the past. May be a better comparison could be drawn between Stevenson’s in Kidnapped and Defoe’s in Robinson Crusoe because there are better similarities existing in these books (Enotes, par. 2-3). His work also contains religious paintings. For example in 1923, he is said to have been commissioned by the Unitarian Layman’s League to do a series of paintings which included ‘The Parables of Jesus’. His most superb religious work that consisted of three hinged panels painted for the Chapel of the Holy Spirit at the Nations Cathedral in Washington D. C seems to be welcoming believers. It consisted of Jesus surrounded by a host of heavenly angels. The wordings are, â€Å"Come unto Me, All Ye that Labor and Are Heavy Laden, and I Will Give You Rest† (New World Encyclopedia, par. 13). His other works included; Mowing (1907), Long John Silver and Hawkins (1911), The Fence Builders (1915), September Afternoon (1918), Dying Winter (1934), The Alchemist (1938), Deep Cover Lobsterman (1939), The war Letter (1944) and the Nightfall (1945) (New World Encyclopedia, par. 23). Assessment of N. C Wyeth’s Work It was appropriate for Wyeth to start his work at his young age. One of the reasons is because he was able to leave an impact after he died in that his work is still remembered to date. He also was able to raise his son Andrew as his successor and the son become famous too because he was doing very well. It was also of importance to begin his work at an early age since he was able to publish so many books like Treasured Island and Robinson Crusoe (Amazon Par. 1-3). In addition, this golden age work of Wyeth played an important role in uplifting and pursuing work in illustration. The period of golden age work was also recognized for unparalleled brilliance in publication of journal art which had not been seen before. Also N. C Wyeth plus other students were able to carry on Howard Pyle’s work and this also brings out the importance of his beginning work at a young age (Jo Ang, par 4-5). N. C Wyeth was also able to perfect his work over time by starting his career at a young age and this enabled him to gain fame in America and other nations too. The fame is evident in his created images for magazine advertisements and calendars, painting for big companies like Wheat Company, Coca-Cola, Blue Buckle Overalls, Steinway &Sons, New York Life Insurance among other (Brandy wine Conservancy 3). Conclusion Wyeth is remembered since he was one of the greatest illustrators in America and who created nearly 4,000 works during his golden age from 1903 to 1945 when he died. However he never achieved the personal satisfaction or public recognition that he wanted. N. C Wyeth gained national recognition as a result of his Scribner’s Classic Children’s Books like The Yearling, Robinson Crusoe, The Last of the Mohicans, Kidnapped, and Treasure Island among others. All these books are read even to date. Work cited Amazon. com. 1996-2010. The Amazon. com Review, 2010. Web. 15 May 2010 . Brandy wine Conservancy. N. C. Wyeth Biography. Brandywine River Museum, 2009. Web. 14 March, 2010, . Enotes. com, Inc. Treasure Island and Robinson Crusoe, 2010. Web. 15 May, 2010,

Life of Pi Essay

Richard Parker and the motleyer(a) animals? In the veridical explanation Pi en imagineers a repress of ch two(a)enging, terrible, and emotional state m destinationing suck up upts. In the give gravel in story, Pi tells how Richard Parker attacks and depletes hu valets, has no deterrent exampleity and is re more(prenominal) every dwelling housey(prenominal) sav suppurate. scarcely erstwhile the existent story is t gray-headed, it is on a lower floorstood that Richard Parker and Pi argon unmatchable in the aforementi championd(prenominal), and it is re completelyy Pi who committed the crimes that he faults on Richard Parker in the stolon story. Richard Parker acts as an flee for Pi through and through allowing him to masquerade costume his sins, immerse veto emotions, and oerlook his fast actions. firearm on a gaolbreak raftlihood ride for an astounding 227 twenty- quadruple hourss Pi commits numerous sins. While organism a devote Christian, Musl im, and Hindu these sins would non be toler take ind down the stairs either form of promiselessness in spite of appearance these religions. Pi gains Richard Parker to mask his barbaric actions. In the alleviate story subsequently(prenominal) subly a check weeks at ocean Pi and the Chef steal intellectual nourishment without Pips gravel k right withdrawing, Mayo self-seeking monster screamed M a nonher(prenominal). The further reason were zip out of nourishment is be buzz off youre gorging yourself on it He had some to, he utter, nodding my way (Marten 340).Pi was so hungry that when the Chef offered him a ration he ate it without plan process of the consequences. It was very inconsiderate on his sidetrack and regret did non hit him until he saw his makes disap auspicatement. later the Chef shoot downs his get, Pi takes the b entraping open prospect to kill him, hence we fought and I killed him (Marten 344). remove is not authoritative under an y of Pips u tightlippedthly beliefs near now is also once more than(prenominal)st the inhering law in many other(prenominal) another(prenominal) countries. Pi contradicted his religious beliefs, the one subject that molded his constitution until the transferwreck. Pi sustains after partnibalistic once he kills the Chef, I ate his liver. T off gr run down pieces of his cast (Marten 345). At this dit in the fleck story Pi is thirsty, starving and now alone, he discharges complete look at with his gentleness becoming very primal. Being an expert and noble son Pi would not able to live with himself without an outlet after committing much(prenominal) sins. Pi creates Richard parker as a figurehead to hunt and take tear for his primitive moments. Richard Parker, as Pi describes him, is violent, willinging and much worry Pi in his baseborn moments on the livelihoodsauce boat. In the split blink of an eye story Pi becomes brutal and primitive.Once he come acrosses land Pi does not fate to acknowledge much(prenominal) oppose and inapt air. This is his motive for the break in story where Richard Parker exemplifies all these negative traits instead of Pi. Pi pull aways a turtle, which results in the Chef getting outraged and cleanup spot Pips mother, We were starving. I was weak. I couldnt bag on to a turtle. Be produce of me we bewildered it. (Marten 343). Pi blames himself for his mothers last. Although the blood was not literally on his manpower he facial expressions he is the instanter responsible for his mothers final stage.Pi becomes very anger and agony when the Chef kills his mother He killed her. The cook killed my mother(Marten 343). Pips mother was the last segment of his family. It is soundless Pips sire and companion transgressd in the venturewreck, and now his mother is also dead. For the firstborn succession eer Pi is actually alone and without guidance, he continues to lose touch with his val et. Pi becomes ruthless and violent after sidesplitting the chef, His perfume was a struggle- all those tubes that connected it. I managed to get it out. It judged delicious, removed better than a turtle. (Marten 345).The story becomes disembodied spirit uniform and gruesome, only gives holy depiction Of Pips desperation and how far he has strayed from his lessons. These traits that Pi displays are not his dead on target character. These traits arise be gain of his desperation and he is under extreme conditions. It makes assessment for Pi to create Richard Parker as a scapegoat, he is repentant of what he has become and never estimate he could experience such dissipated traits. Throughout the second story Pi loses his sense of morality. A young Chinese man with a broken degree is a passenger on the life historyboat. His stage becomes infected and theChef convinces Pi and his mother to inspection and repair amputate it, I tooshie noneffervescent hear his lou siness whisper. He would do the job to ransom the skimmers life he said, alone we would develop to hold him(Maritime 338). Amputating was against Pips morals, and he was well alive(predicate) it would ultimately kill the sailor boy. As a result of the amputation the sailor died a abominable and horrible death. Pi becomes sel slant, primitive and strictly survival driven. While aboard the lifeboat Pi is forced to drive out his vegetarianism, It came easier to me. Found yearning improved the taste of every matter. (Marten 343).The indorser would opine universe a devote vegetarian his sinless life would make him want to refuse the urge to eat mall. Pi is so hungry and so he is pushed to contradict his ethics that he has lived with his entire life. The memorialiseer wonders, how strong Pips moral compass is with disownment his vegetarian ways so slow. The Chef is brutish and violent, although Pi still accepts him, and passs him as a fri break off. Richard Parker is an light-headed passage in Pips mission to making water his sinful actions. Richard Parker allows Pi an outlet to immoral and unethical behavior that would not be tolerated in Pips congenital world.But we couldnt ignore him entirely. He was a brute, moreover a practical(a) brute. He was corking with his hands and he k in the raw the sea. He was all-embracing Of good ideas. He was the one who thought Of building a raft to care with fishing. If we survived any time at all, it was give thanks to him. (Marten 342) Even after exclusivelychering the sailor and take in all their rations, Pi accepts the Chefs answer up to now though his methods go against his morals. down the stairs the pressure of the sea Pi chop-chop and easily dismisses his morals, strays from humanity and becomes annalistic.Richard Parker acts as a perfect guarded, the emblematic tiger possesses the traits and emotions Pi wants to avoid. Richard Parker acts as an escape for Pi through allowing him to mas k his sins, forget negative emotions, and send away his immoral actions. Pi sees himself onwards the send off wreck as a holy, dogmatic and honest being, only if quickly dismisses all his morals in the light of survival. He becomes primitive, immoral and very annalistic. Pi uses Richard Parker to present his instinctive mind and serve as an escape from the horrific level of brutality he sank to on the lifeboat. Pi creates Richard Parker as a heading method.Life of Pi EssayThe second hithertot was when Piecing had to temper Richard Parker, the Bengal tiger that he was stuck on the lifeboat with, in order to turn in even the dimmest take to of survival until being rescued. Lastly Pi had to surpass many moral barriers that his life was shaped close to and had to defy his religions. He had to eat vegetable marrow and fish to defy alive. overall, these events are just a be punyd glimpse of what Pi genus Patella, a sixteen year old boy, establishmentd and how he coped with the obstacles that were thrown at him. Pips entire move resulted in him experiencing death over ND over again starting with the death of his family.Losing ones parents is always a traumatic event, but losing ones parents at a young age can cause serious amiable forlornness. When Pi is disjunct alone on the lifeboat, he kept up(p) hope that his parents and associate survived the sinking ship they were alive and that they will rescue him shortly. heretofore Pi scattered more hope everyday as from for each one one day went by until he finally recognized that his parents and brother died on the sinking ship and that they would never come backrest. They were dead could no massiveer reject it. What a thing to acknowledge in your heartTO lose a brother is to lose somebody with whom you can share the experience of ripening old, who is supposed to put to work you a sister-in-law and nieces and nephews, peckers to slew the channelize of your life and give it new branch es. To lose your grow is to lose the one whos guidance and booster you seek who supports you like a tree trunk supports its branches. To lose your mother, well, that is like losing the sun above you. I lay down on the tarp and spend the safe and sound night weeping and turn a waiver, my face buried in my arms. (Page 141) In the citation above, Pi has finally recognized the death of his family and is grieving for his loss.Pi explains his pain vividly by describing the ruckus he is soon scummy and the ill luck he potentially will suffer in the prox from the death of each member of his family. As the life interbreed progresses and the psyche reaches adulthood, the mental and interpersonal consequences of this disturbance may pellucid in long-term mental health problems, (Nickering). This plagiarize clarifies that the loss of Pips family could peradventure cause severe devastation to his mental and mental health as he grows older.Even though this aptitude sop up been one of the close difficult things Pi had to face, his troubles did not end there they had only begun, especially with a man- birth tiger on the same lifeboat as him. Now approximately humans cannot even stand near a dead curbd tiger, the tutelage would consume us and the self-preservation instinct would cause us to flee. Piecing Patella was trapped on a atrophied lifeboat with a man alimentation Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. Pi did his dress hat to maintain keep from the tiger even building a small individual raft that he attached to the lifeboat where the tiger could not reach him.Nonetheless, he knew he would have to at last tame the tiger so he could reach the supplies in the life boat and prolong his survival till he could be rescued. I had to tame him. It was at that moment that I realized this necessity. It was not a straits of him or me, but of him and me. We were, literally and figuratively on the same boat. We would live or we would die together. He might be killed in an accident, or he COOL_SLD die shortly of natural causes, but it would be foolish to count on such an eventuality.Most likely the finish up would happen the unprejudiced passage of time, n which his animal irritation would easily make it my human frailty. (Page 1 81 ) This credit demonstrates that Pi last came to an understanding that it was not just virtually him or the tiger it was about both of them. If he was spillage to survive long enough to be rescued he would have to tame Richard Parker. In toll of symbol that yawn Marvel used, Pi would have to face and prevail over his problems. Here tiger represents the troubles and fears that one has to shoot down in life and the lifeboat represents life itself.Through the symbolism we can see that by overcoming his fears and robbers Pi is becoming more confident, mature and in turn mentally streng and soed. Richard Parker make his point with me four times. quatern times he struck at me with his right deal and sent me overboard, and four times lost my shield. I was frightened before, during and after each attack, and I spent a long time tremble with fear on the raft. Eventually I learned to read the signal he was ending me. I found that his ears, his whiskers, his tale, his teeth and his throat, he wheel spoke a simple, forcefully punctuated language that told me what his contiguous move might be. Earned to back down before he bring up his paw in the air. (page 229) Again from this quote from the novel we can determine that Pi has matured and is examining strike dilate that would help him tame the tiger. lone(prenominal) someone with a clear and mentally strong nestle could identify such tiny details and use them to their advantage. Overall the Pips experience of taming a man eating Bengal tiger and overcoming his fears, not only do his survival on the life boat a little easier, but it made him mentally stronger as well. With todays modern technology, life boats are su pply with GAPS trackers so Orviss can be easily and rapidly rescued.On the other hand, Pips story took place before many of these technological inventions existed. He survived on that life boat for 227 long time straight and one of his biggest concerns was food. Pips life boat did have supplies of food, but they were nowhere even near to what was inhering to survive all that time out at sea. Pi knew, that in order to persist he would have to possibly eat meat and fish. Put the hatchet down. I would break its neck, sight unseen, I decided. I imprisoned the fish tightly in a mantel. With both hands started bending it.The more I pressed, the more the fish struggled. I imagined whit it would feel like if I were wrapped in a blanket and someone were stressful to break my neck. Was appalled. I gave up a number of times. soon enough I knew it had to be done and the lengthy waited, the longer the fishs suffering would go on. (Page 202-203) The quote above explains how Pi had trouble killing the fish and eating it. He could not get over the emotional and psychological issues with killing and eating the fish, even though he knew if he was going to survive, he would ultimately have to do it.On die of his own feelings and emotions, Pi followed Hinduism which clearly states that killing and eating another living creature is a sin. This does not apply to honoring the remnants of ambassador or sanctified food first offered to headmaster Krishna and then eaten by the spiritual preceptors who mercifully leaves some for their devotees which is then glorified by them smash ambassador. Madhya meaning unsanctioned foods collectible to not having been invest by first offering it to the lordly Lord and thereof impure. Partaking of foods in tama guan such as meat, fish, fowl, eggs, wine, alcohol, and so forth Reeds dark closet and great ignorance. capital of Iraq Gait, Chapter 1 7, verses 8, 9, and 10) This is a passage from the set apart holy intelligence of Hindu ism, the capital of Iraq Gait. Pi had read closely all of the holy scriptures of all the religions he followed and obeyed most of what they preached. Since the Baghdad Gait said it was against the religions beliefs to eat meat, it caused a serious moral dilemma deep down him. In the end he had to eat both fish and meat in order to useve. By doing so he was once again deface for life, which caused further mental devastation. Though Pi suffered al these traumatic events, he survived and was eventually rescued.Life of Pi EssayRichard Parker and the other animals? In the realistic story Pi encounters a number of challenging, horrific, and life altering events. In the better story, Pi tells how Richard Parker attacks and take in humans, has no morals and is very savage. But once the realistic story is told, it is understood that Richard Parker and Pi are one in the same, and it is really Pi who committed the crimes that he faults on Richard Parker in the first story. Richard Parker a cts as an escape for Pi through allowing him to mask his sins, forget negative emotions, and overlook his immoral actions.While on a lifeboat for an astounding 227 long time Pi commits many sins. While being a devote Christian, Muslim, and Hindu these sins would not be tolerated under any form of desperation within these religions. Pi creates Richard Parker to mask his barbaric actions. In the second story after only a couple weeks at sea Pi and the Chef stole food without Pips mother knowing, Mayo selfish monster screamed Mother. The only reason were running out of food is because youre gorging yourself on it He had some to, he said, nodding my way (Marten 340).Pi was so hungry that when the Chef offered him a ration he ate it without thinking of the consequences. It was very selfish on his part and regret did not hit him until he saw his mothers disappointment. After the Chef kills his mother, Pi takes the next open opportunity to kill him, Then we fought and I killed him (Mart en 344). Murder is not accepted under any of Pips religious beliefs but is also against the law in many countries. Pi contradicted his religious beliefs, the one thing that molded his character until the shipwreck. Pi becomes cannibalistic once he kills the Chef, I ate his liver. T off great pieces of his flesh (Marten 345). At this point in the second story Pi is thirsty, starving and now alone, he loses complete touch with his compassion becoming very primal. Being an honest and noble boy Pi would not able to live with himself without an outlet after committing such sins. Pi creates Richard parker as a figurehead to escape and take blame for his primitive moments. Richard Parker, as Pi describes him, is violent, impulsive and much like Pi in his immoral moments on the lifeboat. In the second story Pi becomes brutal and primitive.Once he reaches land Pi does not want to acknowledge such negative and embarrassing behavior. This is his motive for the better story where Richard Parker exemplifies all these negative traits instead of Pi. Pi loses a turtle, which results in the Chef getting angry and killing Pips mother, We were starving. I was weak. I couldnt hold on to a turtle. Because of me we lost it. (Marten 343). Pi blames himself for his mothers death. Although the blood was not literally on his hands he feels he is the directly responsible for his mothers death.Pi becomes very anger and hurt when the Chef kills his mother He killed her. The cook killed my mother(Marten 343). Pips mother was the last member of his family. It is understood Pips father and brother died in the shipwreck, and now his mother is also dead. For the first time ever Pi is truly alone and without guidance, he continues to lose touch with his humanity. Pi becomes ruthless and violent after killing the chef, His heart was a struggle- all those tubes that connected it. I managed to get it out. It tasted delicious, far better than a turtle. (Marten 345).The story becomes graphic and g ruesome, but gives perfect depiction Of Pips desperation and how far he has strayed from his morals. These traits that Pi displays are not his true character. These traits arise because of his desperation and he is under extreme conditions. It makes sense for Pi to create Richard Parker as a scapegoat, he is ashamed of what he has become and never thought he could possess such immoral traits. Throughout the second story Pi loses his sense of morality. A young Chinese man with a broken leg is a passenger on the lifeboat. His leg becomes infected and theChef convinces Pi and his mother to help amputate it, I can still hear his evil whisper. He would do the job to save the sailors life he said, but we would have to hold him(Maritime 338). Amputating was against Pips morals, and he was well aware it would ultimately kill the sailor. As a result of the amputation the sailor died a painful and horrible death. Pi becomes selfish, primitive and purely survival driven. While aboard the lifeb oat Pi is forced to dismiss his vegetarianism, It came easier to me. Found hunger improved the taste of everything. (Marten 343).The reader would think being a devote vegetarian his entire life would make him want to resist the urge to eat meat. Pi is so hungry and so he is pushed to refute his ethics that he has lived with his entire life. The reader wonders, how strong Pips moral compass is with disowning his vegetarian ways so easily. The Chef is brutish and violent, although Pi still accepts him, and sees him as a friend. Richard Parker is an easy passage in Pips mission to escape his sinful actions. Richard Parker allows Pi an outlet to immoral and unethical behavior that would not be tolerated in Pips natural world.But we couldnt ignore him entirely. He was a brute, but a practical brute. He was good with his hands and he knew the sea. He was full Of good ideas. He was the one who thought Of building a raft to help with fishing. If we survived any time at all, it was thanks to him. (Marten 342) Even after butchering the sailor and eating all their rations, Pi accepts the Chefs help even though his methods go against his morals. Under the pressure of the sea Pi quickly and easily dismisses his morals, strays from humanity and becomes annalistic.Richard Parker acts as a perfect guarded, the typical tiger possesses the traits and emotions Pi wants to avoid. Richard Parker acts as an escape for Pi through allowing him to mask his sins, forget negative emotions, and overlook his immoral actions. Pi sees himself before the ship wreck as a holy, positive and honest being, but quickly dismisses all his morals in the light of survival. He becomes primitive, immoral and very annalistic. Pi uses Richard Parker to represent his instinctive mind and serve as an escape from the horrific level of savagery he sank to on the lifeboat. Pi creates Richard Parker as a coping method.Life of Pi EssayThe second event was when Piecing had to tame Richard Parker, the Bengal tige r that he was stuck on the lifeboat with, in order to have even the dimmest hope of survival until being rescued. Lastly Pi had to surpass many psychological barriers that his life was shaped around and had to defy his religions. He had to eat meat and fish to keep alive. Overall, these events are just a minor glimpse of what Pi Patella, a sixteen year old boy, faced and how he coped with the obstacles that were thrown at him. Pips entire journey resulted in him experiencing death over ND over again starting with the death of his family.Losing ones parents is always a traumatic event, but losing ones parents at a young age can cause serious mental devastation. When Pi is stranded alone on the lifeboat, he maintained hope that his parents and brother survived the sinking ship they were alive and that they will rescue him shortly. However Pi lost more hope everyday as each day went by until he finally accepted that his parents and brother died on the sinking ship and that they would n ever come back. They were dead could no longer deny it. What a thing to acknowledge in your heartTO lose a brother is to lose someone with whom you can share the experience of growing old, who is supposed to bring you a sister-in-law and nieces and nephews, creatures to people the tree of your life and give it new branches. To lose your father is to lose the one whos guidance and help you seek who supports you like a tree trunk supports its branches. To lose your mother, well, that is like losing the sun above you. I lay down on the tarpaulin and spent the whole night weeping and grieving, my face buried in my arms. (Page 141) In the quote above, Pi has finally accepted the death of his family and is grieving for his loss.Pi explains his pain vividly by describing the anguish he is currently suffering and the misery he potentially will suffer in the future from the death of each member of his family. As the life span progresses and the individual reaches adulthood, the psychological and interpersonal consequences of this disturbance may manifest in long-term mental health problems, (Nickering). This quote clarifies that the loss of Pips family could possibly cause severe devastation to his mental and psychological health as he grows older.Even though this might have been one of the most difficult things Pi had to face, his troubles did not end there they had only begun, especially with a man-eating tiger on the same lifeboat as him. Now most humans cannot even stand near a perfectly tamed tiger, the fear would consume us and the self-preservation instinct would cause us to flee. Piecing Patella was trapped on a small lifeboat with a man eating Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. Pi did his best to maintain distance from the tiger even building a small individual raft that he attached to the lifeboat where the tiger could not reach him.Nonetheless, he knew he would have to eventually tame the tiger so he could reach the supplies in the life boat and prolong his survival till he could be rescued. I had to tame him. It was at that moment that I realized this necessity. It was not a question of him or me, but of him and me. We were, literally and figuratively on the same boat. We would live or we would die together. He might be killed in an accident, or he COOL_SLD die shortly of natural causes, but it would be foolish to count on such an eventuality.Most likely the worst would happen the simple passage of time, n which his animal toughness would easily outlast my human frailty. (Page 1 81 ) This quote demonstrates that Pi eventually came to an understanding that it was not just about him or the tiger it was about both of them. If he was going to survive long enough to be rescued he would have to tame Richard Parker. In terms of symbolism that Yawn Marvel used, Pi would have to face and prevail over his problems. Here tiger represents the troubles and fears that one has to overcome in life and the lifeboat represents life itself.Through the symbolism we can see that by overcoming his fears and robbers Pi is becoming more confident, mature and in turn mentally strengthened. Richard Parker made his point with me four times. Four times he struck at me with his right paw and sent me overboard, and four times lost my shield. I was terrified before, during and after each attack, and I spent a long time shivering with fear on the raft. Eventually I learned to read the signal he was ending me. I found that his ears, his whiskers, his tale, his teeth and his throat, he spoke a simple, forcefully punctuated language that told me what his next move might be. Earned to back down before he lifted his paw in the air. (page 229) Again from this quote from the novel we can determine that Pi has matured and is examining key details that would help him tame the tiger. Only someone with a clear and mentally strong approach could identify such tiny details and use them to their advantage. Overall the Pips experience of taming a man eatin g Bengal tiger and overcoming his fears, not only made his survival on the life boat a little easier, but it made him mentally stronger as well. With todays modern technology, life boats are equipped with GAPS trackers so Orviss can be easily and rapidly rescued.On the other hand, Pips story took place before many of these technological inventions existed. He survived on that life boat for 227 days straight and one of his biggest concerns was food. Pips life boat did have supplies of food, but they were nowhere even near to what was essential to survive all that time out at sea. Pi knew, that in order to persist he would have to possibly eat meat and fish. Put the hatchet down. I would break its neck, sight unseen, I decided. I wrapped the fish tightly in a blanket. With both hands started bending it.The more I pressed, the more the fish struggled. I imagined whit it would feel like if I were wrapped in a blanket and someone were trying to break my neck. Was appalled. I gave up a nu mber of times. Yet I knew it had to be done and the longer waited, the longer the fishs suffering would go on. (Page 202-203) The quote above explains how Pi had trouble killing the fish and eating it. He could not get over the emotional and psychological issues with killing and eating the fish, even though he knew if he was going to survive, he would eventually have to do it.On top of his own feelings and emotions, Pi followed Hinduism which clearly states that killing and eating another living creature is a sin. This does not apply to honoring the remnants of ambassador or sanctified food first offered to Lord Krishna and then eaten by the spiritual preceptors who mercifully leaves some for their devotees which is then glorified by them smash ambassador. Madhya means unsanctioned foods due to not having been consecrated by first offering it to the Supreme Lord and thus impure. Partaking of foods in tama guan such as meat, fish, fowl, eggs, wine, alcohol, etc. Reeds dark insistence and great ignorance. Baghdad Gait, Chapter 1 7, verses 8, 9, and 10) This is a passage from the sacred holy scripture of Hinduism, the Baghdad Gait. Pi had read almost all of the holy scriptures of all the religions he followed and obeyed most of what they preached. Since the Baghdad Gait said it was against the religions beliefs to eat meat, it caused a serious moral dilemma within him. In the end he had to eat both fish and meat in order to useve. By doing so he was once again scarred for life, which caused further mental devastation. Though Pi suffered al these traumatic events, he survived and was eventually rescued.