Theories of Nationalism and Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Theories of Nationalism and Ethnicity - Essay Example This is what they call the â€Å"Toyota Way†. Whatever characteristics it may carry, it must be systemic, truly lasting and valuable to them. Along this line, the main concern of this paper is the Japanese ethnicity prominent in the Japanese-based Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC). The intended framework is to scrutinize the uniqueness of the much researched management style_ the â€Å"Toyota Way† at the same time determine which sociological perspectives and paradigms that would apply to the characteristics of Toyota’s Japanese ethnicity as well as determine how it has given great impact to the success of TMC. This paper seeks to draw some answers to questions like has Japanese ethnicity posed more of a problem or an advantage to TMC? What techniques does TMC use on its people to be able to build and attain such reputation which won the confidence of the public to patronize TMC’s quality-made vehicles and services within a Western-dominated work area? What i s this Toyota Way? How does Japanese ethnicity affect the quality performance of TMC? This academic exercise would attempt to relate selected socio-ethnical principles to the established ethos or principles used by TMC as well as possibly draw out some answers whether these principles overlap, contradict or complement each other? It is then within these parameters that the discussion on this paper will revolve. On the other hand, the limitation of this paper will only be on the time frame used to feature actual conditions of TMC as this paper uses data and time series, specifically a year before to date or prior to the March 11, 2011 tsunami disaster and nuclear meltdown. Keywords: Toyota Way, Ethnicity, Ethnocentrism, Corporate culture Toyota Motor Corporation’s Domain Before interpolating the sociological perspectives of ethnicity to TMC’s management principles and to understand better the subject understudy, it is important to have knowledge first of Toyota Motor Co rporation, its corporate philosophy, values, vision, and how it operates. TMC’s domain belongs to the automotive industry and thus, its main product is the automobile. However, â€Å"TMC today has expanded its business to other non-automotive related business activities to include: community livelihood support, education, financial services, among others. Their stakeholders include: customers, business partners (dealers and suppliers), investors, consumers, nongovernmental organisations government, community, stockholders.†(â€Å"Toyota Company Overview†, 2011) A Window to Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) Toyota’s Significant Achievements Through the years, â€Å"Toyota has repeatedly outperformed its competitors in quality, reliability, productivity, cost reduction, sales and market share growth, and market capitalization† (Spear, 2010). TMC, within its domain, has gained public confidence in the quality of its luxurious, economical and environmenta l-friendly vehicles and other hi-tech products it produced. It has also expanded to venture on enhanced advanced technology products like robotics, prototyped environment-friendly electric cabs; spearheaded activities that lessen carbon emission in the environment and in its other involvement related to its aspiration to actualize its corporate social responsibility. Not to forget, TMC has expanded also its non-automotive activities like community education and livelihood support packages as

Luzhin will give Raskolnikov a job Essay Example for Free

Luzhin will give Raskolnikov a job Essay Raskolnikov saw the harsh way in which Katerina treated Marmeladov and the horrible poverty they lived in. When he brought Marmeladov back he left some money for them because of their evident need. Despite, he himself not being financially stable. He also reasoned that Sonya would need the money for her to make herself pretty so customers would come. He had many things in common with Sonya and as their life progressed they began to realize this. Raskolnikov could not relate to anyone after the murder except for Sonya. He felt a connection, which made him trust her and in time confess to her. Lizaveta was a dear friend to Sonya, who gave her a bible and a cross for Sonya to pray to. When Raskolnikov confessed to Sonya, she was not upset for Lizaveta but for his well being, which shows how much she cares for him. Raskolnikov views Sonya in the same circumstance as himself, both sinners. He believes this because she has this great believe in God but in the meantime she is a prostitute, which is ironic. Konstantin Mochulsky portrayed Sonya and Raskolnikov as guilty of damning her soul as he. `You have ruined a life your own (its the very same thing). Konstantin says that the words in parentheses are filled with malice and a fiendish lie. To lay down ones life for ones fiendish the very same thing as destroying the life of ones neighbor! (Miller, 97). Raskolnikov wants to make Sonya feel guilty about herself because he wants to leave with her. He wants to run away from their problems since they both have a dreadful past here, so they can start a new future in a new place. Raskolnikov first has to keep Dunya from marrying Luzhin. Dunya and Pulcheria have come to Raskolnikov so Dunya can get married to Luzhin, who is a businessman. Luzhin is mean, intolerant, and egotistical. He only wishes to marry Dunya because she is attractive, clever, but very poor and this combination he believes will make her indebted to him. Dunya is engaged to this man but she is only suffering this for her brother. Pulcheria and Dunya would suffer and sacrifice anything for Raskolnikov but he doesnt want such responsibilities on his shoulders. They believe that Raskolnikov has the talent and intellectuality to become a wealthy man but he only needs an opportunity to prove himself, which is why Dunya will marry this self-centered man, Luzhin. Luzhin will give Raskolnikov a job, if Dunya marries him. This agreement would make Dunya suffer and Raskolnikov sees this and will not allow her to put herself on the line for him. Dunya knows that she doesnt want to marry Luzhin and when he came to visit, he made it clear that he wants to be the superior to her. She and everyone else realized that he is a very arrogant person and since he mistreated her brother, she cancelled the wedding. Luzhin believes that it was all Raskolnikovs fault and wants him to suffer. He wants to retaliate through Sonya. Luzhin goes to Sonya and gives her hundred rubles. He then goes to Katerina to tell her that Sonya stole the money but Sonya was saved from his allegations when Lebezyatnikov came in and told them that he saw Luzhin give her the hundred rubles. Luzhin not only embarrassed himself but also made himself seem vindictive and unreliable. Luzhin in the end was suffering because of his heartlessness. Raskolnikov is becoming more paranoid and keeps on almost confessing, every time he is questioned. Porfiry Petrovich is an officer and suspects Raskolnikov of the double murder. Every time the officer has a conversation with Raskolnikov, he gets so fearful and anxious that he has to leave in order to get his cool back. This shows that he is on the verge of confessing because guilt is overtaking his mind and soul. Raskolnikov only feels some normality when he is with Sonya. Sonya is vulnerable and he likes her kindness even though she also has a hard life. All the Characters in Crime and Punishment cause suffering upon themselves. It is not done in an intentional way but after they suffer they begin to feel redemption. Marmeladov liked to suffer and only felt human when he got punished. Sonya, Dunya and Pulcheria suffered for the sake of their families because they believed that it was for a better cause. Luzhin suffered because he was too egocentric to realize that he was hurting himself. Raskolnikov believed that he was murdering the pawnbroker for the sake of human kind but instead it ruined his life because he was consumed with guilt. The regret mainly came from killing the innocent sister, which made him isolate himself even more. The state of suffering that they all experienced was an escape. They knew what they were doing and felt bad or wrong about it. Suffering was their way of paying for their sins. Bibliography Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. New York: Penguin Group, 1968. Malamud, Bernard. The Assistant. Oregon: Farrar Strauss Giroux, 1957. Miller, Robin Feur. Critical Essays on Dostoevsky. Boston: G. K. Hall Co. , 1986; 90-100. http://dictionary. reference. com/search? q=suffering.

Developing Gross And Fine Motor Skills Young People Essay

Developing Gross And Fine Motor Skills Young People Essay The role of the preschool in the development of a child is very important. Preschool education provides basic literacy to prepare children for higher levels of study. It also gives training to prepare them for the challenges of life. In particular, it is in the preschool that children learn and improve their motor skills. Teachers play a significant factor in developing and refining these skills. Also, the school is expected to provide enough opportunities and tools for harnessing such skills. In this paper, we discuss the role of the teacher and the school in developing gross and fine motor skills of young children. Gross motor are broad movements that involve large muscle groups (Mauro, n.d.) while fine motor are movements produced by the bodys small muscle groups. Gross motor activities include walking, jumping, kicking, crawling, climbing stairs, etc. Meanwhile, fine motor skills include writing, drawing, cutting or folding paper, etc. Both require coordination of the body functions such as the brain, eyes, and the muscle responsible to produce the movement (i.e., hand muscles for writing). Inability to perform motor tasks with precision may mean a disability. Therefore, it is important to observe the child closely when undertaking activities requiring motor skills. As a child grows, certain motor abilities develop. For instance, a two-year old child holds a pen differently from a three or four-year old child. Likewise, a toddler may be unable to hold onto monkey bars while a seven-year old may find it easy to do so. Still, a nursery child will draw a human figure with incomplete features, while a kindergarten who is aware of the body parts may be able to produce a better representation of the actual figure. Given this, it is important to help develop the motor development of a child to avoid delays and identify disability in advance, if any. Particularly, teachers in the preschool should provide activities to make children develop the right skills they need to perform bigger tasks in the future. These activities should include both gross and fine motor activities. Arnheim Pestolesi (1978) provide indicators of average motor development in children 48 months to five years. These indicators imply that with only a four-month difference, normal children can develop additional gross motor abilities. For example, a two-year old child can hop two times on one foot while a child four months older can hop four times on one foot. Likewise, a three-year old child can jump from a small step with both feet while a two-year old can do so but with asynchronous feet. In terms of fine motor skills, children show development in fine motor as they age. Particularly in writing, toddlers and children out of school exhibit the so-called supinate grasp with the fist holding the pen while nursery students may have the pronate grasp with the pen between the middle and ring fingers. Meanwhile, a kindergarten student may show the dynamic tripod, which is the way most people, even adults, hold a pen. Considering this, it is important for every teacher to provide activit ies and monitor students motor skills, because a delay in fine motor could mean a disability. Several activities should be included in the pre-school curriculum to enhance gross and fine motor skills. For gross motor skills, school activities could include hopping, jumping, walking, running, kicking, skipping, crawling, rolling, pushing and pulling and catching. Holecko (n.d.) suggest freestyle activities or dancing to the tune of childrens songs such as Im a Little Teapot or Wheels on a Bus. Aside from improving gross motor, these activities bring an atmosphere of fun and camaraderie among children. Moreover, playing games that involve gross motor activities also brings excitement and makes children develop sportsmanship. Furthermore, pretend plays such as imitating movements of animals, things and people allow students to exhibit gross motor, and creativity. Meanwhile, fine motor ability, which includes writing, drawing, sculpting, tying knots, folding and cutting paper, etc should likewise be given proper attention in the pre-school curriculum. Learners who exhibit inability in such activities should be noted and subject to further observation by the teacher and if possible, by the counselor. Children found to have evidence of disability in either gross or motor skills should be referred at once to the relevant authority for proper intervention. Considering this, it is important to know some standards set as regards developing motor skills in the pre-school classroom. The National Network for Child Care, a private organization, has developed the Early Childhood Education Rating Scale, otherwise known as ECERS (Harms Clifford, 1980). This is a set of standards which includes important requirements to look for in a preschool, including space and furnishings, personal care routines, listening and talking, program structure, etc. This scale provides relevant information to both administrators and parents on what to look for in a preschool in as much as developing motor skills is concerned. In particular, it specifies the tools and equipment needed to enhance fine and gross motor skills. A highly equipped pre-school will likely develop motor skills more comprehensively than an unprepared environment. Therefore, it is important to note which tools and equipment should be present in a pre-school. The tools and instruments that ECERS recommends to develop gross motor ability include building blocks, sand and water boxes, balls, and playground equipment. All these should vary in colors to make them look attractive. They should also come in different sizes to provide allowance for improvement of skills. For example, younger children can play with smaller balls and put up lesser number of building blocks while bigger children can do otherwise. In any case, the school should provide a variety of resources for different kinds of children. For developing fine motor skills, schools should ensure they cover for the childs needs to practice fine motor and hand-eye coordination. Activities such as clay-molding, writing, drawing, playing simple musical instruments, and tying a knot are only some of the activities that help improve fine motor skills. Relevantly, writing, drawing and musical instruments, clay, and utensils should also be in place. Importantly, the preschool program should include the proper use of utensils when eating. As schools serve as the second home, so they should learn the proper way of holding utensils for eating. The development a childs motor skills may come naturally. It can occur even without the teachers intervention. Nevertheless, the pre-school teachers and school programs play a major role in harnessing and refining these skills. Teachers serve as the guide to check whether children are exhibiting safe and proper motor practice. They are also the record keeper to the childs progress or disability. Meanwhile, pre-school programs and tools also help enrich the childs motor skills by aiding practice of such skills. Together, these factors harness childrens ability to perform functions, thus preparing them for greater challenges in the primary level and later in the adult life.

Graduation Speech: I Am Crowd Member No. 5 :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Well, my fellow graduates, this is really it. We are all probably feeling mixed emotions right now. Some feeling sweet relief that it is finally done, over, and finished. Maybe a twinge of sadness and nostalgia because pretty much all you have known for a good majority of your life has come to an end. I am sure by now we have all heard that question, "What are you going to do after high school?" Some of you do have definite plans and know exactly what you are going to be doing. But, if you are anything like me, you have probably rolled quite a few things around in your head and you have a pretty good idea of what you might do. Maybe all you have thought about is getting the heck out of here and meeting new people. But no matter what you do or whoever you meet, those new people and places are going to have one less thing in common with you. They won’t know what is was like going to a small school and knowing everybody’s face, or running to the lunch line on Wednesday for a hoagie, or hatching corny skits for assemblies, or marching in the parade at Homecoming. All of us in this room tonight have something in common, and high school is not something you forget. It only happens once and you can’t go back! (For most of us anyway.) So since we can’t stay here, we have to go somewhere else and make something of ourselves. But what are we going to do? What do we want to do? Sometimes, what we want to do isn’t exactly what we end up doing. We all have dreams. Everyone does, like myself for example. I know exactly what I want to do, but it doesn’t happen to be what everyone else likes to do as well .... and that’s to act. Whether it be a commercial, on stage, or in a movie, I like to act. It is what I love doing. What do I have to lose in trying. What do all of you have to lose in pursuing your dreams? I’m going to try my hardest to do what I love, even though members of my family and some of my friends are concerned that all I will get is a pimple cream commercial, or an insignificant role as "Crowd Member No.

History Answers Essay

1. Liberalism is an ideological view that makes the individual, rather than the family, the nation, the crown, the state or the faith, the center of society. Human beings, on various grounds, are held to have rights that protect the individual from the state and other people. It arose concomitant with industrialism and capitalism, that is, the destruction of the high development of the feudal order from the aftermath of the black death onwards. It has its roots in the mercantile city states of Italy, especially Florence. As a matter of course, one can hold that liberalism had two branches, one based on natural rights, and traces its roots back to John Locke, and one based on utility, tracing its roots back to Hobbes and Adam Smith. The former option holds that rights need to be anchored in metaphysical principles such as natural law, or theological principles, such as God and His providence. This has the advantage of holding rights apart from social life and the state, in that they do not derive from the state or from society, but must be protected by them. In this view, the state has its origin in the protection of natural rights according to the will of God for mankind. Hence, there is always room for rebellion, in that the state has a very specific reason for being. If this is violated, then the state loses its legitimacy and can be overthrown (Hobhouse, 1964). On the other hand, the utilitarian wing rejects metaphysics as such. At least, it holds that there is no need for metaphysics, since all talk about rights and natural law actually concern utility: it is better for society if the state protects various rights, it produces happier citizens and greater production and loyalty. With this approach, one need not have recourse to metaphysics or theology, in that all of this, in actuality, is simply a more complex way of speaking about pleasure in general: a society that protects rights will be better, in the sense of producing more happiness, than one that does not (Hobhouse, 1964). But by the beginnings of the industrial revolution in England, the Scottish school of political economy came into its own. Coming from David Hume, Adam Smith rejected the metaphysical basis of rights, and in fact, rejected rights talk in all forms. Instead, he created a sophisticated model of utilitarian liberalism in the â€Å"invisible hand† of market forces. The system likely reflected what was already going on in the mercantile societies of the Netherlands or England, but it holds that human passion is the driving force of society. This passion largely centers around greed: the desire for gain and a good reputation. But this not be an evil if channeled into a proper direction. The free market is this channel. The market idea says that if competition were freely allowed to flourish, greedy people would be forced to produce good products that people actually want, at a price they are willing to pay. If they refuse to do this, the market will shift its money to those equally greedy people who do. Hence, greed is channeled into healthy outlets, and the society is served: demand is satisfied and people pay what the demand requires, rather than the price dictated by the producer. Here, a fully free economy, based on the preferences of the market in a given society, can be based, not on rights, not on God or natural law, but on human passion, but a passion that is scientifically channeled to a place where it can be put to good use. 2. European powers built a large colonial empire throughout the world in the late 19th century. By this time, the Spanish had lost most of their colonies in Latin America, but the British, the French and the Dutch colonized much of Africa and Asia, largely as a way of gaining access to raw materials, new markets and as a means of settling excess populations (Cain, 2001). In general, after the defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian war and the ravages earlier of Napoleon, England remained at the sole major source of industrial wealth. While this motivated England to continue to expand its power into Africa and Asia, the continental powers were forced to continue the search for colonies in order to keep up. Germany was the poorest in this regard, having few colonies until the beginning of World War I, forcing the Germans to use internal resources to industrialize under the monarchy that was, at this time, involved in unifying Germany as a sort of â€Å"internal colonization† while the Austrians were busy exploiting their many subject peoples, playing one ethnic group off against another. So for the German speaking peoples, colonization was internal. For the Netherlands, Belgium and England, this was not an option, and therefore, the expansion of European mercantile interests expanded outward. The British, for their part, were concerned about the expansion of Russia to the south. Russia, only partially a European power, was also a late comer, along with Germany and Austria, to the industrial age. But Russia’s concern was porous borders to the south, which were fortified against the attacks on her territory by the Islamic powers of Central Asia and even in the Caucuses, partially armed by the British so as to stop any further Russian expansion into Central Asia. The Chinese had the advantage early on with the British, since they would only accept hard cash from the British imperialists. Unlike much of the third world, China was relatively well developed, and for a time was able to resist British expansionism. The British tactic adopted to deal with these issues, to break down the will of the Chinese to resist, was Opium, harvested from India and imported into China. The drug was legal in England, where it was popular, but many nationalist Chinese saw the spreading opium addition both as British ploy as well as a means of weakening Chinese society. Both were true. Chinese resistance to British policies in respect of Opium and the exploitation of the Chinese market and resources, led to two wars over these questions with the Quing monarchy (Chesneaux, 1977). In general, the purpose of the new imperialism was to maintain protected markets and cheap raw materials in the conquered countries. This was a way of having an edge over their European competitors. Russia and Germany were not involved in this race (they had far different concerns), but was largely a mercantile and financial policy of the more â€Å"advanced† European powers of the Netherlands, England and France. 3. Japan was more successful in modernization than China. The Meiji reforms were motivated by the desire to stand up to both American and British trading missions and military forces that defeated the Chinese in the British inspired Opium Wars. The state was centralized in Japan, and very quickly, a rapidly developing Japanese state, without any home resources, expanded as a colonial force in imitation of western models (Korniki, 1998) Japan’s development, rapid as it was, was a response to the gradual erosion of the power of the Chinese monarchy under British pressure in this same period. The fact is that Japan was not going to let Opium destroy her people, and hence, as is often the case, increasing social discipline and a centralized government were the Japanese response to the problem. This approach was one of the causes of the Civil War of 1877, but the victory of the modernist forces ensured that japan was now going to become one of the east’s great powers (Korniki, 1998). The powers that took over Japan were of two kinds: the first, the military leadership taken from the clans that favored modernization and second, the emperor himself, partially under the thumb of the military but also a power in his own right. This coalition stabilized Japanese society in this era, providing it with the peace necessary to develop into a major industrial power. To some extent, the British were involved in investing in this new state, in that the Japanese were seen in London as a necessary counterweight both to Russia and the possibility of a revival of Chinese fortunes. Hence, while the Japanese developments after 1877 were impressive, British investment must also be considered. It must be mentioned that Japan was treated as more or less an equal partner with the British rather than as a subject, partially because of the undeniable strength of the Japanese state, but also due to their value in dealing with eastern Russian expansion. This policy will bear fruit in the Russo-Japanese war of 1905-1906. But the real issue was the connection between British politics, the oligarchy in Japan and the emperor, to some extent the puppet of both. The military leaders who emerged from the 1877 war victorious realized that China was the anti-type of proper Asian development. As China lost its central authority, saw its economy fall into the hands of both the Rothschild and Sassoon bankers, the Japanese realized two things: first, that a coalition, rather than a battle, with England was necessary, and second, this coalition must be used to modernize and centralize the Japanese state, hence preserving it from colonization. But from these two realizations, it also was obvious that Japan was to become a colonizing power of its own, and in fact, took part of eastern China in this process. It is obvious because Japan, without local resources, was forced to find them in Korea and China (Korniki, 1998) 4. The end of World War I saw the fall of the German, Austrian, Turkish and Russian royal houses. It saw the creation of the USSR and Yugoslavia as attempts to reorganize society. Germany was blamed for the war by the British and French and had most of its industry liquidated and sent to the victorious powers. The Germans also had to pay huge reparations for â€Å"starting† the war (a doubtful hypothesis). Germany was humiliated, and the weak republican government was ripe for both communist and fascist takeovers. Hitler won fair elections as head of state over a prostrate and violated country. Most of Hitler’s inner circle were former World War I combat troops. Reindustrialization and rearmament to defend Germany from Stalin’s USSR was a major motive for Hitler’s plans. The rise of Hitler is understandable given the level of humiliation the Germans felt at this time. They were economically, militarily and emotionally scarred and destroyed. A strong leader with both socialist and nationalist political leanings was going to do well, especially after the communists had taken over in the USSR, Bavaria, and Hungary (these latter two for a short time, see below). Hitler was the only force in Germany politics preaching the popular doctrine of simply rejecting Versailles. This is largely what got him elected (Kershaw, 2000). But economically, France, Britain, Russia and Germany were prostrate. Yugoslavia was an attempt to pool the resources of the souther Slavs in order to compensate for this. Turkey was no longer a major power. France and England entered into a relationship in order to control Germany for the long term. America became the dominant force in European politics, and her late entry into World War I and the amount of money she forwarded to England against Germany made certain that the US was now a dominant partner on both sides of the Atlantic. At the same time, the state terror of the USSR under both Lenin and Stalin forced the European powers to also fear the huge Russian giant, and enough emigres from the USSR were in western Europe (especially Paris) to explain to European powers what exactly the Soviet revolution had in store for them. Hitler rearmed not so much in respect of England (to which the Fuhrer had a grudging respect), but against the â€Å"savage Asians† from Russia. Therefore, a rearmed and powerful Germany was able to bring country after country into her economic orbit long before Hitler’s policy of military expansion took place. Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia and even Greece were under Hitler’s control long before the mid 1930s, since either the USSR or Germany was offered to them as a trading partner. Most, quite rationally, looked to Germany for protection against Stalin. They were proven right when the latter, after World War II, built his own police states in eastern Europe. One might conclude that World War I sapped the strength of democratic government in Europe, and to add to the carnage, the Depression starting in Europe in 1930 also proved democracies not up to the task: both Stalin and Hitler took control of their respective economies and grew them tremendously, far and beyond the struggling British and American states, hence showing democracy, at least at that time, as an inferior option to the ideological politics of Berlin and Moscow, they at least had growing economies and full employment. The west could not say that (Wrigley, 1993). 5. Hitler viewed the Jews as a fifth column for Soviet expansionism. The short-lived and unpopular People’s Republic of Bavaria was run by several Jews: Kurt Eisner, Franz Lipp, Eugene Levine and Ernst Toller. The brief life of Soviet Hungary was run by four Jews: Bela Kun (Kohn), Antal Dovcsak Jeno Landler, and Matyas Rakosi. Hence, Hitler feared the Jews as being loyal to the USSR and Marxism and hence, treated them as criminals (Kershaw, 1993). Therefore, Hitler’s loathing of the Jews did not derive from his believing they were â€Å"inferior,† or a natural slave race, but solely from their being disproportionately involved in Marxist governments and states from the USSR to central Europe. Hitler’s policies make no sense unless seen in this light. While this might be uncomfortable to some, historical truth does not concern itself with comfort. For various reasons, the urban Jews of eastern Europe were heavily involved with Marxism as a means, most likely, of controlling nationalism. As a result, nationalist movements throughout central and eastern Europe were harshly opposed to Jewish political power as such, though the nationalist movement in Spain did not share this view. But Hitler’s final solution had another source, a source rarely dealt with in the literature, a little known deal called the Transfer Agreement. When Edwin Black wrote the first major work on this topic in 2001, it received mixed reviews. But a little later, few were able to argue with its conclusions. This book relates, using almost solely primary documentation, how Hitler made an agreement with the small but influential Zionist movement of Germany to move the Jews to Palestine. In return, the Zionists openly supported Hitler and his early rise to power. Black holds that the street violence between Nazis and Communists were particular harsh on the Jews (who normally backed the Communists), and, slowly, the Jews were purged from most professional positions. But Black says that the Zionists of Germany saw an opportunity. Attacks on Jews, to the Zionist mind, were not unexpected, since Jews were indeed aliens in Europe. Jews were Asians, not white, and hence, were strangers in Europe. Anti-Semitism was a natural reaction to this, and hence, morally neutral. The only solution was to unite with Hitler to promote the move of Jews out of Germany to Palestine (Black, 2001, esp ch 7). Hitler organized banks, currency transfers and generally greased the skids to facilitate Jewish emigration to Palestine. Of course, since the fall of the Ottomans, the British controlled Palestine. Hence, the agreement, while it would have saved many Jews from a gruesome fate, was stymied by British imperial power int eh Middle East. Hence the final solution was not the only solution, just the final one. Previous solutions had been mass Jewish emigration. But the Zionist movement got what they want. From a paltry 2% of the Jewish population in Germany to a mass movement, Hitler scared the Jews to such an extent that a formerly assimilated Jewish population suddenly became nationalist and themselves created a colonial state in the Middle East. In other words, Zionism could never have existed without Hitler. Therefore, Hitler is the founder of the Israeli state in more than one way. Bibliography Black, Edwin. The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine. Carol and Graf Publishers. Cain, Peter (2001). Imperialism: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Taylor and Francis. Chesneaux, J. et al (1977). China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution. Harvester Press. Hobhouse, Leonard (1967). Liberalism. Oxford University Press. Kershaw, Ian (1993). Hitler, 1889-1936, Hubris. WW Norton. Korniki, Peter (1998). Meiji Japan: Political, Economic and Social History. 1868-1912. Routledge. Wrigley, Chris. (1993). The Challenge of Labor: Central and Western Europe 1917-1920. Routledge.

Load Shedding in Nepal

Load shedding, which has been a part of Nepalese society from the last one decade and has pushed Nepal in the Stone Age in this era of modern Science and Technology, which is the great problem for the developing country like Nepal. Load shedding simply means the interruption in the electricity due to the overload or demand of electricity and disableness of the plant to produce desire amount of the electricity, which is very common in Nepal.Everyone in Nepal is very much familiar with this great problem of the modern Nepal. It is very simple to cut off the flow of electricity from the distribution station but in other hand it is very much difficult to grasp the loss in the economic field as well as other field in that small period of load-shedding. First, it affects the investors who have invested their property in the industries and after then the customers and finally the economy of the whole Nepal.Just the minute of interruption in the electricity, effects badly the production of g oods in the industries and the economy of that industries and finally it brings the deduction of tax which company have to pay to government and then if the government does not get tax from the industries which are the main source of economy for a country, how it will develop the country which requires the enormous budget . In other hand it has also created the unemployment in the state as most of the industries are going to close due to the load shedding of Nepal from which day by day enormous number of workers are being deprived from their job .Besides these, it has made the life very miserable in the country as in this era of Modern Science and Technology ,most of our works depends upon the electrical equipment ,which cannot be operated without the electricity. In addition to this, it has made people lazy as due to the cutoff of electricity, many people who do work on the electricity do not have anything to do as there almost 16 hours of daily load-shedding in Nepal .It also have effected very much in the sector of education as for the advance education system, we have to use the presentation which is not possible without our great servant, electricity, due to which students has problem in understanding the difficult lessons and develop correct concept which they have to use in their future as they have to develop the nation and world but if they do not have excellent concept ,how will they be able to develop the nation and world with the equipments that will made our lifestyle easy and comfortable .For this also, load-shedding will also affect the future of Nepal as currently Nepal is suffering from the disaster of load-shedding. Load-shedding also has a great role in the increment of population as due to the load-shedding, people are free from work and stay leisurely which make them sexually excited. Hence the population increases consciously or unconsciously. This will also finally effect the people of Nepal as their may arise the problems of starvation, shelter problem, and other facilities as the land is limited and cannot give the support beyond its capacity.Beyond this, there may arise the war between the people for the survival as there would be scarcity of everything and will be great difficulties to achieve the essential requirements for the survival due to which there may begin the war. In addition, malnutrition that will occur due to starvation will degrade the quality of mind of upcoming generation and they will not be able to analyze the situation in their life carefully, which is the most important for the success of life.Hence they would not be able to do anything easily and smoothly, as the administration requires the knowledge. Hence the load-shedding has made the future of Nepal dark. It is the common problem for the all the Nepalese so; it cannot be controlled or eradicated by the effort of only one person. All the people should work with hand in hand and help each other. Like all the people should use less electri city consuming equipments and should with care and should not be use when not needed.Moreover people should invest on hydroelectricity project, which has great potentiality in Nepal, and avoid the leakage of electricity. The bribery must be stopped and the users must implement fair use policy. Besides this, the water resources like rivers, streams, etc should be kept clean. A forestation must be carried out for the as well as ecosystem should be kept balanced.

Love fuck Essays

Love fuck Essays Love fuck Essay Love fuck Essay And that’s the time when I met him. The person who changed my life. Well, its funny how a girl like me could fall in love, you know. But I found something special (or more like weird) in him. And then we started talking and talking and talking and then it happened – We fell in love. I was actually afraid to fall in love ‘cause when it all gets over there won’t be anyone to catch you. Aw. Lol. He was so different, so sweet dammit. Compared to him, I was nothing, you see. And I was so lucky, fucking lucky, to have him.It was the first ever time I was seeing so much of love. I used to keep asking him ‘Dude, why did you even propose me? I mean, what was so special about me, huh? And then he used to say something so sweet ‘Eman, your special, your unique, and that’s why I love you’. We met twice or so, and the first time I met him, I was like shit shy. He was talking, and talking and I wished he would stop sometime. And there I was stan ding, and biting my lips, being so feminine. I stared at him, saw his bony legs,that rib tight T-Shirt,a black one,which looked very much HOT ON HIM.I listened to his talks,in between he called his so called bestie Nikhil and started blabbering some crap which I never understood. And then we just went like that,didn’t even say a Bye. Weird. The second time I met him, was at the same location,the bloody old boring Mega-Mall. I wore a freaky abaya,and surprisingly he liked it. That day we talked more openly and then he did a very strange thing – He whacked my head with some magazine or something and the weirdest part was he did that frequently though I told him that I hated it (But in fact I liked it,sheesh).And unfortunately I wasn’t well that day,but I didn’t consider that as a big deal. And that day ended up so awkwardly,I mean,he gave me a Hi5 and I literally rejected it. Stupid me. And he took it in the wrong way. Though he understood the reason later. Thank God. And then comes our most epic meeting – The Legendary Park Event. Allah,that day was equally embarrassing,fun,amazing,and wow. And it was quite weird ,walking with him when his irritating bestie and some long relation cousin were there.I planned so many,uh,this that and ended up in a police station. Great,ye ? I still thank Allah that Mom didn’t figure out anything on that day. Whew,damn. I thought I would have to break up with him,which is the most hurting thing but I was wrong,our love got more deeper and wilder after that. And then he went to India,I was all left behind,all alone. Those days without him were, something unexplainable, no words. Then I landed on Kerala,the first ever thing I did was message him. And all I got in a response was something like ‘ You’ve changed Eman. I felt like kicking his ass,punching his nose until he would bleed,then cry and then hug him tight. I told my sister about our relationship. She was shocked,she was l ike ‘Eman,you gotta be kidding the fuck outta me’. Then she laughed telling how a girl like me could be romantic. I hate her,fuck. She asked me to break up,telling me that there would be no way I could live with him. I cried,and then I did the most idiotic thing – I cut my neck with a blade. My sister found this,and she went insane and then she agreed that I could date him.She gave those sisterly advices like ‘Emu,don’t cross the limit ’kay ? Be careful. Don’t do that,don’t do this,ask him to stay atleast 10m away from you and blah blah blah’. And then I thought of playing a prank on him,I told him to break up. I know that was stupid,but I just wanted to see how much he loved him. But his response to that was so ,different. I mean,he least cared,he wasn’t worried at all,and then he broke up just like that. It hurted me,shit lot. I thought he would understand that it was a prank and stuff,but he didn’t. I thou ght he knew me..

Free Essays on Discuss The Theme Of Love In “Twelfth Night”

The play â€Å"Twelfth Night† is presented as a light-hearted romantic comedy, this may relate to the fact that Shakespeare wrote it to be performed on Christmas day. The indication is that there is something for everyone, drama, love, suspense and humour. This may also lead to the play’s second title, â€Å"What You Will† meaning that this is a play for all to enjoy. Although the actual plot for â€Å"Twelfth Night† is not the most original of Shakespeare’s ideas, the classic poetry and memorable characters makes it one of his most successful pieces to date. The exploration of love and romance are at the heart of this play. Almost every type of love is expressed, Sibling relationships, Genuine love, Self-love leading to complete blind love. Love is also closely associated with madness and the characters seem to go to ultimate extremes to obtain the love they desire. At the core of the play, is the love triangle between Olivia, Viola and Orsino adding suspense, comedy and drama. The first character introduced into the play is Duke Orsino. Many productions of the play will have melancholy music being played to add a dismal, dreary opening effect to the scene as Orsino’s mind drifts on the thoughts of love. He claims to want excess of love, ’If music be the food of love, play on.’ This indicating that he is love-sick, a man in pain. Personal pronouns are often stressed to show Orsino’s love for himself. ‘That instant was I turned into a hart, and My desires, like fell and cruel hounds, E’er since pursue Me.’ It seems as though Orsino, rather than actually being in love with Olivia is in love with the thought of loving. ‘The appetite may sicken, and so die.’ Although he says that he is in pain from this rejected love, he enjoys the self-pity and therefore wants it to carry on. Orsino talks intensely about his love for Olivia, ‘O, when mine eyes did see Olivia first, m... Free Essays on Discuss The Theme Of Love In â€Å"Twelfth Night† Free Essays on Discuss The Theme Of Love In â€Å"Twelfth Night† The play â€Å"Twelfth Night† is presented as a light-hearted romantic comedy, this may relate to the fact that Shakespeare wrote it to be performed on Christmas day. The indication is that there is something for everyone, drama, love, suspense and humour. This may also lead to the play’s second title, â€Å"What You Will† meaning that this is a play for all to enjoy. Although the actual plot for â€Å"Twelfth Night† is not the most original of Shakespeare’s ideas, the classic poetry and memorable characters makes it one of his most successful pieces to date. The exploration of love and romance are at the heart of this play. Almost every type of love is expressed, Sibling relationships, Genuine love, Self-love leading to complete blind love. Love is also closely associated with madness and the characters seem to go to ultimate extremes to obtain the love they desire. At the core of the play, is the love triangle between Olivia, Viola and Orsino adding suspense, comedy and drama. The first character introduced into the play is Duke Orsino. Many productions of the play will have melancholy music being played to add a dismal, dreary opening effect to the scene as Orsino’s mind drifts on the thoughts of love. He claims to want excess of love, ’If music be the food of love, play on.’ This indicating that he is love-sick, a man in pain. Personal pronouns are often stressed to show Orsino’s love for himself. ‘That instant was I turned into a hart, and My desires, like fell and cruel hounds, E’er since pursue Me.’ It seems as though Orsino, rather than actually being in love with Olivia is in love with the thought of loving. ‘The appetite may sicken, and so die.’ Although he says that he is in pain from this rejected love, he enjoys the self-pity and therefore wants it to carry on. Orsino talks intensely about his love for Olivia, ‘O, when mine eyes did see Olivia first, m...

Analysis of the Spike Lees Movie Do the Right Thing

Analyzing Spike Lee's movies to do the right thing For my lens analysis, I chose a shot from the Spike Lee movie Do the right thing. This is the second shot after the climax riot. It is characterized by the mayor of Da's and the sister of the mother corresponding to the noisy incident of the previous night. After the police killed Rahhim Radio, the block was destroyed because he and Thrall were destroyed due to a fight due to Radio Rahim's radio box capacity. The struggle at a very superficial level is related to loud stereo, but the real meaning of struggle is related by the climax of anger and tension among the characters of previously caused movies. Let's see Do Do Right Thing as an example of the first film analysis paper. This is a movie supervised by Spike Lee released in 1989. In 2007, it appeared in the most controversial movie list. It is a famous movie, but many people have not seen it yet, but often assign right things. Writing an analysis article for a movie is not too di fficult. You will love to look at the movie and drill down on its core meaning. If you still do not know how to write a paper, please refer to the following article. I will analyze my thesis and explain how to write analysis papers. You can borrow a custom lighting service. Analyzing Spike Lee's movies to do the right thing For my lens analysis, I chose a shot from the Spike Lee movie Do the right thing. This is the second shot after the climax riot. It is characterized by the mayor of Da's and the sister of the mother corresponding to the noisy incident of the previous night. After the police killed Rahhim Radio, the block was destroyed because he and Thrall were destroyed due to a fight due to Radio Rahim's radio box capacity. The struggle at a very superficial level is related to loud stereo, but the real meaning of struggle is related by the climax of anger and tension among the characters of previously caused movies. The movie title, Do The Right Thing, is a powerful rhetorical design used by Spike Lee. Da Mayor, played by a recent great actor, Ossie Davis, told Spike Lee to play Mookie to do the right thing. Nobody has said correct content in the movie. Lee told the audience to do the right thing, but he never told them what it is. Instead he created a context in the film and forced the audience to draw their own conclusions about what is right. Some people think Li's words are obvious and easy to identify, but it is obvious that you can react without knowing what Li is trying to react to you. Spike concluded that this response reflects the personal belief of the race. He wants the understanding of what is right for the audience. Spike advocates three arguments about what is right, but never did we tell us in the movie what he thought it should be. The first parameter is the movie itself.

Christology and Ecclesiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Christology and Ecclesiology - Essay Example They set forth two reasons for the divinity of Christ, the first one being "dynamic monarchianism" which explains the divinity of Jesus resulting from him being the carrier of a divine power, which "descended upon the man Jesus."(Grenz pg 57) The complete divinity of Christ thought was established at the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea1 in 325, based on Arius' view that Jesus was "begotten of the Father, of the substance of the Father, begotten not made, of one substance with the Father." (Grenz pg 59) Christology is the reaffirmation of our belief and confession in the godliness of Jesus, who is the road to our salvation. The authors of the new Testament strongly believed that Jesus combines in his person the role of God and Savior (2 Pet.1:1, pg 246) Jesus' divinity is attributed to his perfect life or what may be called his "sinlessness" (pg. 252) which was only possible because in Jesus could be seen "a veritable existence of God" (pg. 252) the resurrection of Jesus Christ, which is at the heart of Christian faith, points to the divinity of Jesus. (pg. 259) the historical life of Jesus reveals his humanity, and he becomes not just an "embodiment of God," but of his willingness to be a part of the 'life in community" which he participated in his life on Earth. (pg. 272) According to Stanley Grenz (1994) "The idea of covenant... Baptists, the covenant that joins believers together in the church of Jesus Christ is sealed in believer's baptism." However, during the period of the 1100s and 1200s, theology took on different perspectives. For example, theology did not just mean a discourse related to God, "it now became the rational explication of divine revelation."3 (Yves M.J. Conjar, 1968) The salient points highlighted in Stanley Grenz' book titled "Theology for the Community of God" are traditional themes incorporated in the Christian doctrine related to God, humankind, Christ, Church and the Holy Spirit. Grenz' work is a masterful blend of the traditional, contemporary and the historical to provide us with a coherent outlook involving our Christian faith through the establishment of community with God as its Father. In referring to God as the High Priest of the Church and all of us are his children, he describes a women's place within the community; Grenz expresses his views stating "that women ought to be full participants with men in all dimensions of church life and ministry" (Grenz, 1995, p. 143). Conclusion Grenz' views on Christ as the High Priest of the Church and the faith of the Christian community as a whole in relation to it, has come in for a lot of criticisms from other theologians, especially his notion that women too can be equal participants in both church life as well as ministry. Many theologians criticized him on these grounds and never accepted his views on this. Grenz' view of God's image in relation to God and man is taken to be a serious misrepresentation and is said to be misleading. Grenz is supposed to have charged 'complimentarians with the violation of 'ecclesiological principle of the priesthood of all believers.'4 (J. Grenz with Denise Muir Kjesbo, 1995)

Assignment 1 - Behavior Contract Part A & B Essay

Assignment 1 - Behavior Contract Part A & B - Essay Example emotional health, physical health, social health, spiritual health, intellectual health and environmental health. In other words, when a person strives to achieve wellness, he or she endeavors to strike the balance between these aspects. Thus, such a person is said to be leading a healthy lifestyle (McConnell 2014, pg. 49 ). As a young woman and a single mother of two daughters, life demands can at times overwhelm me. I have to keep track of every activity I partake to ensure that I observe all the aspects of my health and wellness. I have come to realized that I need to watch various areas of my life for achievement of health and wellness. Some of these key areas include my family’s nutrition, body exercising, management of friendships and family relationships, decision-making, stress management, life fulfilment and financial management among others. I hope that by formulating this health behavior contract, I will manage my health better, and expectedly, develop more as a good mother to my daughters and be more physically fit. Like anybody else, I have my strong points and my weaknesses in life. For this reason, I clearly understand the need to focus more on my strengths while striving to improve on my weaknesses. For example, I have very creditable socializing skills, and thus I am able to keep friendships for long. It is through this strength that I have developed a very cordial relationship with my daughters and family as well. Additionally, I have devised great ways of fighting and managing stress in my life through engaging in activities such as taking yoga classes, openness and problem sharing with trusted friends and meditation. On the contrary, I have some few areas that I need to improve such as on financial discipline, eating patterns and inconsistent exercising. Looking at my strengths and weaknesses as highlighted above, I can acknowledge some of the positive health behaviors that I

Proposal for Corporate social responsibility Assignment

Proposal for Corporate social responsibility - Assignment Example Therefore, this study represents an important contribution to the CSR literature in US (Aaronson & Reeves, 2002, p.59). This research examined the relevance of and the theoretical contributions of different management theories, particularly the triple bottom line and the competitive advantage theory that help managers understand the relevance of competing through quality assurance. The Competitive Advantage -This is an advantage in the intrinsic and extrinsic parts of the company and this theory is concerned with the competition between the company and its competitors through offering better values than their competitors (Competitive advantage ,2010, p.102). Strong values come from the culture of the company which later transforms to be the values of the customers and later the values of the society. Values generally come from the customers and the stakeholders which are both important to the success of business. Developing values that are sustainable will depend on the relationship of the organization with the employees, partners, shareholders, suppliers and also media (Enquist & Edvardsson, 2009, p.89). Brands are very important for any company as they communicate to the customers or every stakeholder the image of the company and their products. In order to stall the â€Å"values-based service brand† the company must employ CSR strategies to maintain its business in long run. Virtually, CSR serves the best way to communicate to all the customers and stakeholders in an efficient manner. These strategies touch with values of service brands and enable the company to obtain the good resonances from all stakeholders (Enquist & Edvardsson, 2009, p.234). In the business activities carried out today, many strategies are outlaid in running them. Of late, CSR has developed swiftly. Individuals have started demanding that companies take their social responsibility in their

Curriculum Issues Facing Educational Leaders Research Paper

Curriculum Issues Facing Educational Leaders - Research Paper Example According to the research findings schools exhibit low standards, incoherence, poor management as well as insufficient regulation particularly in relation to the work that teachers do with their students. The teachers are not held accountable by the schools and the teachers are left to do whatever they please behind the closed doors of the classrooms. From this view, the projected result is a decreased quality of performance on the part of the teacher together with the students. Fundamental to this view is the notion the genesis of the quality problem in teachers is in a deficit that is in the preparations, commitments, engagements as well as efforts of the teachers themselves.As the paper stresses  the best solution to the problem that is being faced by the educational system is an increase in the centralized control of the schools and making the teachers become responsible. Advocates of this view are in support of curriculums which are uniform, subjecting teachers to licensing ex ams and improved performance standards along with comprehensive teacher and school assessments. Most of these accountability measures have already been executed so that no children are left behind.  Broad research has been carried out in power, control as well as accountability in schools over the past decades with the research involving evaluation of a broad collection of data. Push towards accountability typically ends up in the wrong diagnoses and solution for the problem of quality of teachers.

Art Philosophy - Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Philosophy - Plato - Essay Example In short, Plato argues the fact that a proper speech, or rhetorical work of literature, must necessarily work together as a creature and is body parts all work together. Plato discusses this as the head of the creature leading into the body which is been supported by a series of appendages. Although this is necessarily a reduction with regards to the way in which a proper outline should help to support core arguments that the author seeks to make, it is nonetheless a useful way of helping to provide a metaphor with regards to the entire writing process. Although many writers seeking merely right from the top of their head without any clear indication of where their work is going or how they assume it should include, Plato is obviously of the mindset that a work of literature and/or speechmaking must rely upon the core fundamentals of the outlining approach that the illustrates and discusses. This should not be seen as odd due to the fact that none of Plato’s works, or the work s of his contemporaries, were done in haste. Rather, they were thoughtfully analyzed, put together within an effective shell and presented to the viewing/listening/reading audience. Within such a way, seeking to abide by the very same rules of conduct and approach that Plato specified has a definitive level of benefit for the writer or artist within the current era. Although the outlining process may seem as something of a laborious one that is not necessitated by an accomplished writer, the mere fact that Plato himself referenced the outlining process as something of such a great importance helps to underscore the fact that even a writer of the highest order and/or one that is most certainly a genius is still not good enough to compose any of their arguments and/or works off the top of their head. 2. Plato's view on writing is related to his views on art, especially literature. Discuss Plato's views on art, and also mention the dialogue in which these views are discussed. Although the preceding analysis might be viewed as somewhat formulaic, it should not be understood that Plato’s view on writing is ultimately related to a step-by-step recipe of how such a process should be affected. Whereas it is oftentimes understood that the mastery of any subject or art can effectively be accomplished merely by following something of a recipe for success, the fact of the matter is that many exhibitions of human knowledge are more of an art form than they are merely the combination of a certain recipe of component facts and information. In this way, Plato’s â€Å"Phaedrus† illustrates the way in which Plato had an alternative view with regards to the process of writing and how he expected the divination of art as a simple step-by-step process through which the individual merely followed rote memorization in order to achieve a given function. In this way, Plato advocates rather than following something of a script to achieve effective dialogue, it is n ecessary to appreciate core tenets of what it means to be human. These, according to Plato, include the following: an understanding of madness, divine inspiration, and the practice and mastery of art. Although this may seem as a nebulous answer to the question above, the fact of the matter is that rather than championing a formulaic approach, Plato

Proposal for Corporate social responsibility Assignment

Proposal for Corporate social responsibility - Assignment Example Therefore, this study represents an important contribution to the CSR literature in US (Aaronson & Reeves, 2002, p.59). This research examined the relevance of and the theoretical contributions of different management theories, particularly the triple bottom line and the competitive advantage theory that help managers understand the relevance of competing through quality assurance. The Competitive Advantage -This is an advantage in the intrinsic and extrinsic parts of the company and this theory is concerned with the competition between the company and its competitors through offering better values than their competitors (Competitive advantage ,2010, p.102). Strong values come from the culture of the company which later transforms to be the values of the customers and later the values of the society. Values generally come from the customers and the stakeholders which are both important to the success of business. Developing values that are sustainable will depend on the relationship of the organization with the employees, partners, shareholders, suppliers and also media (Enquist & Edvardsson, 2009, p.89). Brands are very important for any company as they communicate to the customers or every stakeholder the image of the company and their products. In order to stall the â€Å"values-based service brand† the company must employ CSR strategies to maintain its business in long run. Virtually, CSR serves the best way to communicate to all the customers and stakeholders in an efficient manner. These strategies touch with values of service brands and enable the company to obtain the good resonances from all stakeholders (Enquist & Edvardsson, 2009, p.234). In the business activities carried out today, many strategies are outlaid in running them. Of late, CSR has developed swiftly. Individuals have started demanding that companies take their social responsibility in their

Art Philosophy - Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Philosophy - Plato - Essay Example In short, Plato argues the fact that a proper speech, or rhetorical work of literature, must necessarily work together as a creature and is body parts all work together. Plato discusses this as the head of the creature leading into the body which is been supported by a series of appendages. Although this is necessarily a reduction with regards to the way in which a proper outline should help to support core arguments that the author seeks to make, it is nonetheless a useful way of helping to provide a metaphor with regards to the entire writing process. Although many writers seeking merely right from the top of their head without any clear indication of where their work is going or how they assume it should include, Plato is obviously of the mindset that a work of literature and/or speechmaking must rely upon the core fundamentals of the outlining approach that the illustrates and discusses. This should not be seen as odd due to the fact that none of Plato’s works, or the work s of his contemporaries, were done in haste. Rather, they were thoughtfully analyzed, put together within an effective shell and presented to the viewing/listening/reading audience. Within such a way, seeking to abide by the very same rules of conduct and approach that Plato specified has a definitive level of benefit for the writer or artist within the current era. Although the outlining process may seem as something of a laborious one that is not necessitated by an accomplished writer, the mere fact that Plato himself referenced the outlining process as something of such a great importance helps to underscore the fact that even a writer of the highest order and/or one that is most certainly a genius is still not good enough to compose any of their arguments and/or works off the top of their head. 2. Plato's view on writing is related to his views on art, especially literature. Discuss Plato's views on art, and also mention the dialogue in which these views are discussed. Although the preceding analysis might be viewed as somewhat formulaic, it should not be understood that Plato’s view on writing is ultimately related to a step-by-step recipe of how such a process should be affected. Whereas it is oftentimes understood that the mastery of any subject or art can effectively be accomplished merely by following something of a recipe for success, the fact of the matter is that many exhibitions of human knowledge are more of an art form than they are merely the combination of a certain recipe of component facts and information. In this way, Plato’s â€Å"Phaedrus† illustrates the way in which Plato had an alternative view with regards to the process of writing and how he expected the divination of art as a simple step-by-step process through which the individual merely followed rote memorization in order to achieve a given function. In this way, Plato advocates rather than following something of a script to achieve effective dialogue, it is n ecessary to appreciate core tenets of what it means to be human. These, according to Plato, include the following: an understanding of madness, divine inspiration, and the practice and mastery of art. Although this may seem as a nebulous answer to the question above, the fact of the matter is that rather than championing a formulaic approach, Plato

Organizational Forms Essay Example for Free

Organizational Forms Essay There are several types of organizational forms that a business can choose from. Each form presents pros and cons that may or may not be suitable for a particular business. This report will review characteristics such as: liability, income taxes, longevity or continuity, control, profit retention, location, convenience and burden for each business form and how they differentiate from the different types of organization forms. Sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship is the most common business form. A business is a sole proprietorship if it is not incorporated, meaning that a separate legal entity is not created for it. An advantage of forming a sole proprietorship is that it is the easiest and least expensive business form. a.Liability: A sole proprietorship does not excuse the owner from personal liability. If the business fails, the owner is responsible to the creditors and may lose personal assets. b.Income Taxes: The profits and losses of the business go through the owners’ personal tax return. This can positively or negatively affect the owner depending on what the profit and losses of the business are and what other sources of income the owner may have. c.Longevity or continuity: If the owner dies the company cannot continue on. If the owner decides to leave the company, then the company will also cease to exist. d.Control: In a sole proprietorship the owner has full control of the business. e.Profit retention: The owner receives all profits in a sole proprietorship. f.Location: When a business is a sole proprietorship the owner can move the business to any location. The only fee may be if changing states or county and the business is operating under a trade name, then the owner will have to pay the relatively small fee to operate as a DBA (â€Å"Doing Business As†). g.Convenience or burden: There are not any extra burdens when operating as a sole proprietorship. The owner does not have to meet any special reporting or regulatory requirements. There are not any special tax requirements or restrictions. The business profit and losses are filed with the owner’s regular tax return. General partnership A general partnership is between two or more owners of a business that is not incorporated. a.Liability: Each partner is held personally liable for the debts of the business regard less of fault. b.Income Taxes: Taxes are reported on each partner’s personal income tax return, so any profits made by the company are treated separately from the individuals’ income, but included. c.Longevity or continuity of the organization: A general partnership lacks continuity. If a partner leaves and his or her shares cannot be bought by the remaining partner, then the business must close. If a partner dies, their heir can be paid for the value of their share of partnership, but cannot continue with business. d.Control: In a partnership control is equal between all the partners. This can be difficult when a company has many partners or partners that don’t know each other. If a change is made without consulting with the other partners that can cause friction between the partners, so it may be best to include all partners in all decisions. e.Profit Retention: Profit is distributed equally between all partners and so is any loss. f.Location: A general partnership is fairly easy to setup and move. There are not any special forms that need to be filed with the state or county to form a general partnership. There only has to be at least two people to make up the partnership. g.Convenience or burden: Since there are not any special filings that need to be done for a general partnership, it is very convenient. Limited Partnership A limited partnership is partnership that does not hold the partners personally liable for the business debts. a.Liability: Limited partners are not held personally liable for the business debts. b.Income Taxes: All profits and losses are passed through each partners’ individual income tax return. The company does not pay taxes. c.Longevity or Continuity: Limited partners can freely enter and leave the company. The company can continue if a limited partner leaves. d.Control: In a limited partnership there are limited partners and general partners. The general partners manage the partnership. e.Profit Retention: Profits are distributed to the partners based on their contribution and pass through to the partners, who in turn report the profits on their individual tax return and pay taxes at their individual rate. f.Location: When a LLP is formed or if it moves, then it must comply with state filing requirements. A LLP must file a Certificate of Limited Partnership with the appropriate state agency. g.Convenience or burden: A LLP can be convenient because it attract capital easily, it offers limited liability to partners, easy transferability of partnership, and pass-through taxation. C-corporation A C- corporation or a â€Å"privately held corporation† is a company whose stock is not publicly traded. a.Liability: A business owner is not personally liable for the company debts and is protected from lawsuits and judgments against the business. b.Income Taxes: C-corporations are double taxed. The IRS taxes the company profits and tax any dividends paid to shareholders. c.Longevity or Continuity: Even if the owner leaves or dies, the C-corporation being a separate entity can continue to go on. d.Control: Management is shared between the shareholders. e.Profit Retention: Profits are usually kept within the company and not distributed to shareholders. f.Location: A C-corporation must follow state filing requirements in each state that it wishes to setup in. This can be very costly. g.Convenience or burden: An advantage of a C-Corporation is that it provides the best protection for the owner against the company debts. A disadvantage is that it can be costly to establish. S-corporation S-corporations are a separate entity from the owner. It offers the owner limited liability, but the tax structure benefit of a partnership. a.Liability: The owner an S-corporation is not held personally liable for any debts or judgments incurred by the company. b.Income Taxes: In an S-corporation, the profits and losses of the company are passed through to the owners and shareholders and reported on their personal income tax returns and taxed at their individual rates. The company itself is not taxed. c.Longevity or continuity: Like a C-corporation an S-corporation can continue on, if the owner leaves or dies. d.Control: A board of directors manages the company through officers. e.Profit Retention: Generally in an S-corporation the profits are passed on to the shareholders. f.Location: An S-corporation must follow state filing requirements in any state that it wishes to setup in. g.Convenience or burden: An S-corporation can be convenient, because it provides the owner and shareholders protection from company debt and they save on paying taxes on profit, but it can be costly in setting up. Limited Liability Company A Limited Liability Company is similar to an S-corporation in that it offers the limited liability of a corporation, but the tax structure benefit of a partnership. a.Liability: Owners and shareholders are protected from personal liability for the business debts and judgments. b.Income Taxes: Profits and losses are passed through to the shareholders and filed on their individual income tax returns. c.Longevity and continuity: An LLC can continue if a member leaves, but the LLC must pay the member the value of their interest. d.Control: An LLC is managed by its’ members. e.Profit Retention: Profits are passed on to the members. f.Location: A LLC must follow state filing requirements for any state it wishes to setup in. g.Convenience or burden: LLC offer a very flexible structure. It also has no limitations on the number and kind of owners. It can be very expensive to form and because it is so new, it can be more complex. Bibliography Book: Beatty, J. Samuelson, S. (2007). Business Law and the Legal Environment: Standard Edition, 4e. Mason, OH: Rob Dewey Web site: Perez, W. (2009). Protect Your Business Profits by Incorporating. About.com. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://taxes.about.com/od/taxplanning/a/incorporating.htm Corey Pierce, J. (2002-2004). Business Startup: Where to Begin How to Grow. Businessfinance.com. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from http://www.businessfinance.com/books/StartABusiness/StartABusinessWorkbookTOC.htm PART B interoffice memorandum to:Owner subject: Business organization date:8/10/2013 There are many different types of business forms. After reviewing them all, I have come to the conclusion that an S corporation will be the most beneficial to you company. An S-corporation is a separate legal entity and protects the owner and shareholders from personal liability and offers benefits with its tax structure. This memo will address issues that are important to you and the advantages provided to you by forming an S-corporation. You expressed concern regarding your personal liability and whether or not if the company was to be sued- you did not want to possibly lose all of your personal assets. With an S-corporation you are protected from losing your personal assets if a company is sued for negligence by an employee or subcontractor. If the company were to default on debts, your personal assets are protected from creditors. Funding will also be fairly easy to obtain with an S-corporation. With an S-corporation, you will be able to sell stock in the company to increase capital assets to help with you expanding. You will be able to sell as much or as little of your companies’ stock as you wish, once a stock value is determined. An advantage to selling you company’s stock beside the increase in capital is that you are also able to retain control of the company when issuing stock. The profit that your company earns will be distributed to the shareholders, but with an S-corporation, shareholders are only allocated the profit and losses equal to the amount of their investment. The profits and losses are passed through to each shareholder and filed on their individual income tax returns. The company itself is not taxed. Also, with an S-corporation, if you were to pass away, the company would have continuity. The company would not have to dissolve and you. The stock that you own in the company can be transferred to an heir or transferred by the sale of all or a portion of the stock. Based on these findings, I recommend you to form an S-corporation for your company.

The outsourcing of ICT by Tesco

The outsourcing of ICT by Tesco Outsourcing ICT is quite commonly used by organizations as an approach to strategic management. Assess the advantages and disadvantages that outsourcing can bring in developing effective uses of information systems in an organization such as Tesco. Tescos used effectively its resources and capabilities (strength) and developed a competitive advantage over its rivals Asda and Sainbury in the retail trade. Tesco as a supermarket chain dominates the UK by keeping prices low, and having the ability to keep competitiveness high. Tesco is the UK most successful retailer. Its strengths are the powerful retail brand name, customers loyalty, trusting customers, financial power, stores, the Tescos Clubcard, etc. Tesco is part of the wider general retail market because the group has about the 20% of the grocery market and 5% of non food by moving to market place where the margins are higher. The group of Tesco sells also books, electrical products, clothing, and CDs (16% of the market). Tescos weaknesses are: lack of the experience and expertise in several areas, large infrastructure demands, the diversity of products and no free cash for innovation. External environmental factors keep giving great opportunities in broad retail as well to new market areas. Although Tescos share of total retail market is 12,3% the group believes that there is a lot far to go. Tesco targets its over-priced high street rivals tries to increase the market share and take the opportunities in broad retailing. In the last ten years the group was suffering by falling sales, slow profit growth, depressed share price because of the entering of continental Europe in UK. But this was not the only threat from the external environment. Hypermarkets from the other side of Channel, French hypermarkets (20-25% of the electric market), dealings between rivals, fear of losing customers, bid from Asda to buy Safeway are threats too. Wal-Marts move to UK was made so Tesco lose its home market. As Sir Terry says and the size of Tesco is no protection. The competitive environment influenced the process of strategic decision making. Tesco focused on growth strategies for existing and new products, in existing and new markets. Always tries to increase market share as well to find additional markets or expand in new geographical regions with more customers and markets new and riskier areas of growth. Since 1995 Tesco became market leader by developing the marketing, the Value range and the Clubcard loyalty. Tesco in our day has grown from efficient grocery operation to a non-stop supplier of everything and sells in ten countries as well China. Tescos strategy focuses on the core UK grocery business, non food, international expansion and retailing services as finance services dotcom business and telecommunications packages. Tescos effective strategic management helped in operate and respond in new challenges and carry out its competitive strategy. http://www.allbusiness.com/management/2975129-1.html Today everybody knows about the Tescos intention to remain a market leader with concentration of power. For staying in that position and multiply the sales it is necessary to focus on customer service. Gathered information from the external market, analysing opportunities and strengths forced Tesco to change to be more competitive and have stronger capability by adapting new strategy http://www.pim.com.pk/faq.htm#Str%20Mgt The results of two research projects showed that the customers were not satisfied and the levels of staff morale were suffering. Fundamental decisions and a set of actions should be undertaken with a focus on the future conditions. http://www.allbusiness.com/management/2975129-1.html The best way to respond, reach the goals and achieve results was to engage a team from Trilogy a three member consortium of specialist consulting companies. The joint Tesco/Trilogy team developed the Living Service Programme a 26 weeks process, undertaken by 660 stores and seven core components. Tesco used its strong and stable core and decided improvements to the processes by using outsourcing ICT It was very expensive to use and grow up Tescos IT infrastructure while outsourcing ICT was a very good solution. In our days as technology advances, organizations try to change their needs and stay ahead of their competitors. Outsourcing ICT is the international migration of service employment of information and communication technologies (ICT). New entry countries try to gain a share in this new highly competitive and dynamic market. Governments set the rules for the best result of their companies benefit. Now available knowledge is been transferred anywhere. http://www.unece.org/press/pr2004/04ireedd_p08e.htm Information and communication technology (ICT) consists of all-technical means used to handle information and aid communication, including computer, network, hardware and software. The advantages of outsourcing ICT are: Outsourcing ICT gives the organization the flexibility to get expert, skilled service and experienced people or teams. The outsourcing partner is specialized in that particular business process and gives technical support Outsourcing ICT gives access to world capabilities. Outsourcing ICT companies with a full support contract provide fast services with high skilled people and assets needed and reduce the organizations risks http://www.gen-i.co.nz/services/Pages/ICTOutsourcing.aspx There is no need to make investments in technology, methodology, infrastructure or on training costs, while these savings in time and money will increase revenue, profit, productivity and much more http://www.gen-i.co.nz/services/Pages/ICTOutsourcing.aspx .the organizations may gain a competitive edge in the market and may provide the best services to the customers who will be impressed with the high quality services. The operating costs (research, development, marketing and deployment) are reduced and the completive advantage may be increased with improvements in measures as cost, quality, service and speed. there are more profitable and productive activities, .with outsourcing ICT the operation functions may be carried out by outsider experts. http://www.gen-i.co.nz/services/Pages/ICTOutsourcing.aspx Tesco is using its strong and stable core functions efficiently in house, focus on core subjects, increase the profits while the non-core companys functions will be performed by the outsourcing partner (Trilogy) Organization as Tesco businesses may find a team or a partner for support their network management, helpdesk and server operations Outsourcing ICT is growing in EU as well in other continents. International outsourcing ICT in emerging market countries enables the organizations to find services with lower cost far away with well trained staff as engineers, programmers, IT technicians and pay them with lower wages http://www.unece.org/press/pr2004/04ireedd_p08e.htm http://www.ihotdesk.com/outsourcing.html Very often the employees dont work efficiently or dont use the computer application or the technical support is not enough. The small organizations prefer outsourcing ICT because they dont want fixed costs and the large organizations use outsourcing ICT because they need skilled people http://www.ihotdesk.com/outsourcing.html The organization may search for lower cost, high quality, and deliver effective manage service http://www.unece.org/press/pr2004/04ireedd_p08e.htm http://www.ihotdesk.com/outsourcing.html The disadvantages of outsourcing ICT are: The outsourcing ICT main disadvantage is that many employees may lose their jobs because the outsourcing partner is specialized in that particular business process and gives technical support. This unemployment usually come from North America and Western Europe. http://www.unece.org/press/pr2004/04ireedd_p08e.htm In some contracts may be not any quality defined due to low price. Under these circumstances the service and the buyer-supplier communication are poor. In offshore outsourcing people are hired with less money. The organizations productivity depends on these employees. Confidentiality of the information being transferred to the outsourcing firm is very important but any theft may occur. In that strategic management there is a risk. Some outsource ICT dont follow the signed contract http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1347866 The effective uses of Information Systems in an organization are many. The IS handles the flow of information, supports the organizations decision, helps to analyze complex problems and helps the organization to expand into global markets. Effective information systems deal with the development, use and management of an organizations IT infrastructure. The IS components are human resources, technical service, managers, computer programmers, operators, analysts and designers. In the organization, information about production, customers, sales and others may be distributed and help the organizations executives and the management. The most effective use of Information systems is that influence the organizations performance without caring about increasing the sales or introducing new products. Also Information systems are related with the organizations growth strategies. http://www.igi-global.com/Bookstore/Article.aspx?TitleId=43003 What do you understand by Knowledge management and knowledge management systems. Analyse how useful such a system could be to Tesco and why it is often difficult to persuade employees to use such systems. Knowledge management (KM) includes ies and practices used by an organization to identify, create, share and distribute the knowledge. Knowledge is a resource that the organization uses to make significant investments in the latest technology systems and infrastructure to support knowledge management. Organizations like Tesco have these resources which are part of their business strategy. Individuals try to encode their knowledge into a shared database. This reduce time and cost. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management Collection of data is not information but the pieces of data. Data represents facts or results. Information is a statistic in time. Relation between data and other relation represents information which may be figures about market size, customers needs, current production capacity etc. It becomes knowledge when an individual may understand the results patterns of relations of data and information and other patterns represent knowledge. This gives the opportunity to estimate. When someone understands the principles then there is wisdom. Knowledge management captures and understands how all these knowledge can be together and given to others in order to be effectiveness. http://www.systems-thinking.org/kmgmt/kmgmt.htm Knowledge management is getting the right information, to the right people at the right time in order to do the right actions. Innovations may be necessary. http://www.pim.com.pk/faq.htm#Str%20Mgt Knowledge management systems (KMS) is a class of IS and refers to manage of knowledge. KMS supports creation and transfers the application of knowledge in organizations. Effective development and implementation of KMS requires a foundation of several rich literatures that exists in different related fields. KMS enables employees to have ready access to the organizations documented base of facts, sources of information and solutions. Software tools are a collection of technologies not necessary acquired as a single software solution added to the existing information technology infrastructure. This is a great investment in the latest technology, systems and infrastructure supports the KM. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management Knowledge management systems (KMS) is a generally IT system for managing knowledge. Sharing the information widely and distributed databases new ideas come in mind for new or improved equipment. Employees have access to organizations documents, source of information and solutions. Users are active, participate in knowledge networks. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management_system Categories: Hypertext How useful such a system could be to Tesco Knowledge is information which may be transferred in the organization by a common database. Employees are allowed to obtain knowledge, expertise, get ideas relevant to their work and know how to work efficiently. Cultural change is very important capital for the organization and drives to managing innovation facilitating the organization learning across the organization and solves difficult problems. Sharing valuable information the employees avoid non sense works and training time. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management_system

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain Green Knight Essay

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight The poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight tells the tale of one of King Arthur’s bravest and noblest knights, Sir Gawain. The author spins this magical tale of heroism and adventure over the course of one year. During this year, the hero Sir Gawain undergoes a serious alteration of character. When Bertilak enters King Arthur’s court as the mysterious green knight, he sets Sir Gawain’s destiny in motion. Change, especially spiritual transformation, is a common thread running through the poem. The poet depicts Bertilak as somewhat Godlike, and Bertilak plays a significant role in Sir Gawain’s spiritual transformation, through which he becomes more like Christ. Bertilak first introduces himself by making an astonishing entrance into King Arthur’s court. The poet describes the appearance of the Green Knight thus: â€Å"†¦There hurtles in at the hall-door an unknown rider, / One the greatest on ground in growth of his frame: / †¦Half a giant on earth I hold him to be† (l. 136-140). His forcefulness and size are the aspects of him that the poet first describes; however, the fact that the huge knight is entirely green from head to toe amazes the court more. The author notes that, â€Å"Great wonder grew in hall / At his hue most strange to see, / For man and gear and all / Were green as green could be† (l. 147-150). The color green here may symbolize spiritual growth, although green sometimes suggests evil in literature. The Green Knight was especially fascinating because his physical appearance, as well as his apparent immortality demonstrated that he had supernatural qualities, and therefore was not entirely of this world. Throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the poet port... ... depicted Bertilak, sometimes the Green Knight, with Godlike characteristics and supernatural qualities. At different times in the poem, Bertilak represents the wise, just, godly master of the castle, and is sometimes transformed into the mystical Green Knight. Both characters are essential for Sir Gawain’s transformation, which Bertilak manipulates freely. In a Christ-like sacrifice, Sir Gawain learns of his weaknesses, and experiences the process of spiritual absolution. In this poem, Bertilak, whom the author has granted supernatural characteristics, facilitates Sir Gawain’s spiritual journey for truth and complete transformation. Works Cited â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. Ed. Alfred David, James Simpson. Vol. A. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.: 2006. 3 vols. 162-213.

Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) for Backbones Essay -- Technology,

Abstract : Internet Protocol version 6(Pv6) is the advanced version of the IPv4 protocol and both of these protocols are part of TCP/IP suite.TCP/IP is the only protocol for transmission of data over the internet As the internet is not secure place for transmission of secure and confidential information (packets) So to protect this information over the non secure channels(internet ) the IPSec was introduced .IPSec is the worldly know standard for the secure transmission over the internet . IPSec is mandatory for IPv6 and optional for IPv4 deployments .But as the IPsec provides authentication, confidentiality and integrity of the internet protocol (IP) packets but it slows down the transmission devices and where there is huge transmission of data like in Gbps at the backbone networks, the performance of the transmission devices is highly effected . So to improve the transmission rate on high performance networks number of techniques have been used till now and these techniques are the valuable addition in the current technologies .Purpose of this paper is to high light , what types of techniques are available in the current time for improving the performance of the transmission devices both at the H/W and S/W level while applying the IPSec and what drawbacks in the already existing techniques . Keywords: Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), IPv6 , Internet Security, Virtual Private Network(VPN) security ,IPsec for high performance networks. Introduction :As in the current era the internet is widely used for sending and receiving information in a very fast way. As internet is not only used by the single user but huge companies (enterprises) use them for their business use . An enterprises may have their offices at different l... ...yer of TCP/IP working like SSL and these all security protocols need security parameter for establishing a secure connection over the network and each security protocol is doing this by negotiation their own security parameter with the other party. That’s why each security protocol is negotiating its security parameter independently which is the wastage of network resources.[3] The author proposes his solution that each security protocol will maintain its set of negotiating parameters which is called DoI (Domain of interpretation ).ISAKMP will store these agreed security parameters into a file which is called SA file and group of SA are stored in a database and other security protocol will use these security parameter instead of negotiating their own and thus avoiding the duplicity. [3]. Figure 6 :Relation of Security Protocol through ISAKMP negotiation[3]

Finding Forrester †Opening Questions Essay

Q1. We learn about the type of people who live in the neighborhood. It sets up the stereotype of young black youth living in the Bronx, New York. It shows the setting as a city with high-rise buildings and people who are not in wealth. It shows the struggles they have to go thorough. Q2. The two main characters are Jamal and William Forrester. Jamal is a young African-American boy who lives in the Bronx. He is a very intelligent person and just does enough at school to not stand out because he knows his friends will not accept him for his intelligence. He does a test and receives test scores that show how smart he actually is. This catches attention from a private school and he is offered a scholarship. He clashes with William Forrester by the man looking out his window spying on Jamal and his friends playing basketball. Jamal breaks into his apartment and is scared of by William. His backpack falls off and is left in the apartment. William goes through his bag and emulates his writing pieces. The bag is given back to Jamal and he wants to be taught how to write better from William. Q3. It tells us how the boys speculate the window is ‘bad news’. They talk about how they should stay away from the window. They cogitate about a ghost in the window and come to a conclusion that some of the boys will go inside the apartment to see the mystery behind the window. Q4. We find out that the apartment is darkened and is not a friendly place. There are unusual items around the house and has been darkened on purpose to show us how it’s a mysterious place. This was done by the director to cause us to think it’s not a inviting place to live. Q5. It shows us that he knows how the man is judging him because of background where he is from and by his race’s past. It also shows us how intelligent Jamal is and how he is much smarter than his circumstances betray him. Q6. The director made us wait until 25 minutes to see the window because it builds suspense and questions the audience to think about what it is like. This makes the audience fall further into the movie causing them to keep their eyes glued onto the screen. This means the movie will keep them engaged and which makes people enjoy the movie much more. This means the movie will be a success.

Referring to at Least Two Sources of Data, Critically Discuss How Crime Is Measured in Britain and Explain Why the Statistics Do Not Provide Us with a Full Picture of How Much Crime There Actually Is.

SCS1007 ESSAY Referring to at least two sources of data, critically discuss how crime is measured in Britain and explain why the statistics do not provide us with a full picture of how much crime there actually is. If one were to ask how much crime there is in Britain, the judgement could differ depending on whom you were asking or their judgement on what they actually class as criminal behaviour. Society is ambivalent towards crime, which skews the analysis over the level of criminal activity in Britain.Maguire describes the area of crime numbers or trends as one of ‘shifting sands’ (Maguire 2002, p,322) in terms of the developments and creations in criminological process and thought which happens day to day. He also argues that finding the true level of crime bears very little significance in the study of criminology, but what bears greater significance is the critical approach by which the data is analysed.Nevertheless, there are official police-generated crime statis tics in Britain, made up of reported and recorded crimes, which still, to this day impact on how politicians and journalists view the government’s effectiveness in dealing with crime. The Official Crime Statistics in England are published annually and allow various sectors of society such as the media, politicians and the general public to assess the extent and the trends in criminal activity.These published tables of national crime statistics named ‘Criminal Statistics, England and Wales’ were first compiled in 1857 and were based on annual returns from the courts and the police which were then aggregated by government statisticians (Maguire 2002). Crimes recorded in police statistics are defined by the ‘Notifiable Offence List’ (ONS: Data sources – further information). This follows technological advances in recent times, which have grown the net number of police-recorded crimes, such as ‘common assaults’. Many minor crimes have been upgraded and are now regarded as ‘notifiable offences’ (Maguire 2002).However, there are significant shortcomings with the police-generated crime statistics, such as the fact that certain crimes are not included in this list, referred to by the ONS as ‘non-notifiable’ crimes. These crimes often include anti-social behaviour or minor crimes such as drunkenness, littering or begging. Whilst there is criminal activity occurring in Britain which does not come to police notice, and therefore is not recorded (discussed in detail later in this paper), there are crimes which the police are aware of, but use a great deal of discretion as to whether or not these crimes are recorded (Maguire 2002).The public are responsible for notifying around eighty per cent of recorded crimes to the police (McCabe and Sutcliffe 1978), however, the latter have the responsibility for deciding which crimes to deal with and which to ignore. Often they can regard some crimes as to o trivial or they dispute the legitimacy of others, which can lead to unreliable data. Moore, Aiken and Chapman (2000) see the police as filters, only recording some of the crimes reported to them. Furthermore, there are certain types of crime that are excluded totally from these statistics, seriously altering the extent to which the data can be classed as comprehensive.The term ‘notifiable’ offence essentially refers to one, which can be tried by the Crown Court. This leaves ‘summary offences’ (those which can only be tried in a Magistrate’s Court) excluded from the data (Maguire 2002). In addition to this, crimes which are not regarded as the responsibility of the Home Office, such as those recorded by the British Transport Police, Ministry of Defence Police, and UK Atomic Energy Authority Police (who between them record some 80,000 notifiable offences annually) (Kershaw et al . 2001, p91) are also excluded from ‘official crime figures. †™A further limitation with police recorded crime data is caused by the unpredictable fluctuations with the remaining 20 per cent of crimes which the police themselves discover, either through observation, patrols or through confessions by those arrested. This could be due to increased arrests from planned operations targeted against a certain type of crime. For example, following the London riots in 2011, many people were arrested due to the police focusing their resource and effort on finding the offenders. Similarly, at pop festivals many drug users have been found and arrested.On the other hand, numbers of recorded crimes may fall if police interest in a particular type of crime is withdrawn. This could be for a number of reasons such as in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s when the legalisation of homosexuality was imminent. At this time the police regularly ignored ‘indecency between males’ which resulted in a fall of recorded offences to half the le vel previously regarded as normal (Walker 1971). In criminology, the term ‘the dark figure of crime’ is often used to refer to the crimes that are not reported and therefore not recorded in official statistics.In theory, the ‘dark figure’ consists of offences brought to the justice system but not registered in judicial sources (perhaps because they were settled outside of the court), undiscovered offences or offences where the victim has chosen not to reveal details (Johnson and Monkkonen 1996). This loophole seriously alters the accuracy of the criminal justice disciplinary system. The underlying reasoning for certain crimes not being reported are based on people’s own judgement of the seriousness of the crime, police power, police diplomacy or simply because people see it as an inconvenience.It could be argued that if people don’t believe the reporting of their crime to be serious enough, then the justice system is not as accessible and tran sparent as it should be. This argument widens the issue of the dark figure of crime from a statistical one to an underlying and historical error creating much scope for debate. The police system is in place for the safety of citizens, but if citizens don’t feel the use of the justice system is necessary in certain instances, then what is the point in the justice system being in place for certain crimes?Furthermore, this hinders the reliability of criminologists’ theories where a legalistic stance is taken in the definition of crime. A secondary measure of crime in Britain, regarded by Maguire as a â€Å"directly comparable rival to the police-generated crime statistics† (Maguire 2002) is the British Crime Survey (BCS), now named the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) to reflect its geographical coverage. This measure attempts to combat the inaccuracy of the ‘dark figure of crime’ referred to above.The CSEW was first conducted in 1892 and is a n annual survey rather than a list of statistics. When the survey was first conducted, there were 11 million crimes reported; however, official statistics recorded by the police only counted less than three million (Hough and Mayhew 1983)– this gap is first hand evidence of the ‘dark figure of crime. ’ Forty six thousand households (ONS: Data sources – further information) were questioned in the year ending June 2012, with the CSEW focusing more on qualitative data rather than the quantitative data used in official statistics.The CSEW picks up on crime that doesn’t surface in official statistics, with households asked about their own personal experiences of crime in the past twelve months as well as taking into account any non-response bias. The measure has a consistent methodology and the results are not skewed by a percentage of the population failing to report their crime. The measure suggests the true level of crime to be twice the official crim e rate due to the proportion of people who admit to being victims or offenders of crime in a face-to-face interview, but do not report this to the police.Although the CSEW does now include a section on domestic violence, an area previously missed off the national figures, (particularly when victims are scared of their offenders) the real rate of crime is still substantially under-estimated. Corporate or workplace crime, homicide, drug possession or crimes against people under the age of 16 are still not included in the CSEW figures. In today’s society, this is a major drawback to the CSEW as corporate crime is growing in our increasingly globalised economy whilst crimes against children appear to be remaining constant with no breakthrough on prevention.In 2011, of the police recorded crime statistics on sexual abuse against children, it was found that 1 in 10 children (9. 4%) aged between eleven and seventeen years old had experienced sexual abuse (NSPCC 31/12/12). Some progr ess appears to have been made in the area of corporate crime following a recommendation contained in the National Statisticians’ Review of Crime Statistics (National Statistician, 2011 18/12/12) – there is now a survey of commercial victimisation which aims to provide statistics on corporate crime in the economy over the next three years and is planned to be incorporated into future quarterly releases in 2013.However, other drawbacks associated with the CSEW include the time lag on information collection – the survey records data from people’s experience 12 months prior. This is in comparison to police recorded crime in which the data is clearly more immediate. Furthermore, the CSEW is vulnerable to sampling errors and variation in results. One person may feel comfortable enough to admit criminal activity to one interviewer, but not to another. Therefore the reliability of the data can be challenged.When comparing both the CSEW and police recorded crime i n official statistics the most recent data from the Office of National Statistics can be analysed. The CSEW, based on interviews in the year ending June 2012, reveals a â€Å"statistically significant decrease of 6 per cent in the overall level of CSEW crime compared with the previous year’s survey (ONS: Overall level of crime 18/12/12). † Similarly, â€Å"the overall level of notifiable crime recorded by the police decreased by 6 per cent in the year ending June 2012, compared with the previous year (ONS: Overall level of crime 18/12/12). Nevertheless, whilst the CSEW estimates just over 9. 1 million incidents of crime for the year ending June 2012, the official figures only record 3. 9 million offences. This is heavily based on the ‘dark figure of crime’ – that proportion of crime in Britain which goes unnoticed by the police. In 2002, the CSEW (then named BCS) calculated that â€Å"40 per cent of crimes known to victims and reported to the poli ce do not end up in official statistics (Kershaw et al 2001, p992). It is evident that, whilst the CSEW does reveal a higher level of criminal activity in Britain, a majority of the crimes can regarded as not serious enough to be included in official statistics, and therefore should not alarm the population. Although the legalistic position attempts to simplify the scale of debate surrounding what crime actually is, stating ‘the most precise and least ambiguous definition of crime is that which defines it as behaviour which is prohibited by the criminal code’ Coleman (2000), this however creates a question on what is actually being regarded as illegal behaviour and ‘prohibited by the criminal code’.Analysing the methods used in Britain to measure crime establishes the fact that criminal statistics are a social construction, based not on a set of legal definitions and laws, which can be transferred between social groups and times, but on a product of social processes. The process of attrition between an act, regarded as criminal, to the same act being punished contains a number of stages that blur the answer to the question ‘How much crime is there in Britain? It appears that the term ‘official crime figures’ is somewhat paradoxical in the fact that if society is basing its justified opinion on these ‘official’ figures, then it must take into account several exclusions in order to get a more comprehensive perspective on what the data is actually showing. Although the figures summarise the most serious crimes in Britain they do not show the total picture.In this day and age more emphasis needs to be placed on the responsibility of the criminal justice system and the link back to the definition of criminals in the first place. In particular, if crime is viewed from a labelling perspective, then the role that the legal system plays in the creation of crime is of great significance when measuring the true le vel of criminal activity in Britain.In addition, consideration needs to be given to future prevention of crime and the measurement of how effective society is at removing or reducing certain categories of crime. In closing, I would argue that when answering the question ‘how much crime is there in Britain? ’ it would be naive to base any argument upon these official crime figures as they are simply ‘indices of organisational processes’ Kitsuse and Cicourel (1963).